Proposal Paper - 1554 Words

Proposal Paper Like the previous paper I enjoyed writing this one as well. I have been skiing for 14years, so this is something Im interested in. In the process of writing this paper I heard conflicting views from pro and con helmet sides. My dad was upset by the fact that I wrote about why you shouldnt wear ski helmets, because he wears one when he skis. Personal preference backed up by convincing evidence I found in multiple places helped me prove my position against ski helmets at high speeds. I have been skiing since I was four years old. When I started skiing in 1989 very few people were using helmets. Who know whether or not any lives could have been saved with the use of helmets on the slopes? Since 1989 ski helmets†¦show more content†¦Secondly, is it worth paying the money for a false sense of security that could lead to and higher rate of injury? And lastly, if helmets are so purposeless, who can benefit from them? Helmets have been used in many different applications before they were ever considered for winter sports. One would relish in the fact that a helmet is a helmet and it will protect you. The smart consumer would not be ignorant enough to believe such a crock unless they had good data to back up such a large claim. The first place to look for this type of data would be in a credible source not unlike Consumer Reports. Consumer Reports is famous for unbiased, solid information on all kinds of different products. The results that they found are quite surprising. To test the effects of direct impact they chilled the helmets between 0 and 9 degrees Fahrenheit, and dropped them from various heights onto the edge of a steel anvil. From the information in this article I was under the impression that in the event of a collision a helmet may actually damage the skier instead of protecting them. â€Å"The Shell of the Boeri Rage (high-gloss version) broke, and pieces separated from the helmet. That not only made the strap fastener useless, but that also meant that shards of the shell could cut the wearer’s face during a tumble† (Consumer Reports). As a result of this test the Boeri helmet was rated unacceptable. Jeff Ravreby, VP of Boeri Sports USA disbanded this claim stating,Show MoreRelatedGrant Proposal Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesGrant proposal A was about implementing an expansion to ABC’s Alternative Breaks program to send groups of students to various communities around the country. Overall, I felt this grant was well written. This grant proposal is straight to the point, but gives enough information within most areas where clarification in not necessary. This grant proposal falls under the community service, and civic engagement categories. Although this grant proposal is for an expansion of preexisting program, I canRead MoreConcept Paper or Pre-Proposal1307 Words   |  6 PagesTable 1. Generic Proposal Outline I. Introduction †¢ Statement of the problem †¢ Statement of the solution †¢ Brief statement of how the solution will benefit the reader(s) II. Background †¢ Explanation of key terms †¢ Proof that you know the issues surrounding the problem †¢ Proof that you know what action has been taken to solve similar problems †¢ Proof that you (or someone you are associated with) can carry out the action plan III. Action Plan and Requirements †¢ A set ofRead MoreProposal Paper1308 Words   |  6 Pageslocated in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn New York. The primary goal will be geared toward educating the entire congregation on the importance of responsible stewardship and generosity. As we transition toward 2018, key elements of the following proposal will be gradually implemented as we enter the new year in the hope that by the end of the 2018- beginning of 2019 cycle the church will embark upon the launch of an endowment initiative that is focused on securing the long term financial future ofRead MoreResearch Paper Proposal1331 Words   |  6 Pages(age, number of children, work experience and the work environment subscales etc.), will be evaluated by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). 5. Report Writing Plan The proposed research will be developed in to a MBA thesis paper. Bibliography Cronin-Stubbs D, Brophy E.G. Burnout: can social support save the psych nurse? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Services 1985, 23: 8-13. Dolan N. The relationship between burnout and job satisfaction inRead MoreInstructions for Submitting an Electronic Proposal and a Paper Proposal6719 Words   |  27 Pagessubmitting an electronic proposal (preferred): The offeror may use http://eoffer.gsa.gov to submit their offer/proposal electronically. The electronic submission provides a complete proposal package validating data and attachments.GSA provides free digital certificates to promote the use of the eOffer electronic proposal website. Once a contract has been awarded, the offeror may use eMod to submit contract modifications as needed. Instructions for submitting a paper proposal: The offeror mustRead MoreIntervention Group Proposal Paper : Intervention Proposal1984 Words   |  8 PagesIntervention Group Proposal Paper By Renee Van Natter Longwood University November 26, 2014 SOWK 425 â€Æ' Intervention Group Proposal Paper For the purpose of this paper I will be structuring my group based on that I am employed by Chesterfield Community Corrections. Chesterfield Community Corrections is made up of seven different agencies and I work for the domestic and sexual violence resource center. I will be running a group for survivors of domestic violence. However, before I discussRead MoreResearch Proposal Argument Paper1397 Words   |  6 PagesKill them; kill them all sounds harsh doesn’t it. But if you think about it, which are the way most murders, rapist, and serial killers fell about us. So why not return the favors kill them, kill them all. Like I said this is how they feel about us (criminals). You hear about it in the daily news reasons behind the crimes that criminals comment. They say it’s because of their childhood or they were just born that way (evil). And we as society accept that reasoning and say, well we need to help theseRead MoreInformation Systems Proposal Paper1332 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Systems Proposal Katherine Pratt BIS/220 November 27, 2012 Stephen Allen PhD Table of Contents Information Systems Proposal 3 Functional Area Information System 3 Disadvantages and Advantages 3 Analysis 4 Transaction Processing System 4 Disadvantages and Advantages 4 Analysis 4 Office Automation System 4 Disadvantages and Advantages 5 Analysis 5 Management Information System 5 Disadvantages and Advantages 5 Analysis 5 Electronic Commerce System 6 DisadvantagesRead MoreSona Research Proposal Paper1228 Words   |  5 PagesProposed Methods Participants Approximately 168 participants, self-identifying female students from the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario will partake in this study. The participants will either volunteer to participate with the chance to win one $50 Stone road Mall gift card or to obtain credit towards their first-year psychology course. The participants will be asked to fill out a single online questionnaire that can be accessed from an electronic deceive (mobile device, desktop, laptop)Read MoreComputer System Proposal Paper940 Words   |  4 PagesCaring Hands System Proposal Idalina Ackerman CIS 105 May 14, 2010 IT Computing Agency is please to present a computing proposal to Caring Hands to assist your business to run efficiently and effectively. We understand the dynamics that a small business in a competitive market faces. We believe that the home healthcare market is growing and maturing in the Lehigh Valley and surrounding areas. We are ready to place a modern computing system with new technology to meet your needs to succeed

Evolutionary Theory Of Natural Selection - 1164 Words

Evolution in terms of biology is defined as decent with modification and can be explained by the rise in diversity from generation to generation based on changes in the gene frequency. When changes occur in an individual’s genome, known as mutations, they give the individual different characteristics that can have a negative, positive, or neutral effect. If the mutation better adapts the individual to the environment, that mutation can be passed onto a new generation. If the mutation weakens the individual to the environment, that mutation will not be able to withstand multiple generations through progeny. This mimics Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which states that the individuals best fit to the environment have a higher survival and reproductive rate. Over time, these mutations contribute to genetic variation within species (yourgenome). The basic building block of all living things, cells hold within them the genetic blueprint that drives all living things: DNA. DNA is made up genes, which are made up of a series of nucleotides: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Through complementary base pairing, these nucleotides hydrogen bond with each other to create an intertwined double helix. The organization of these nucleotides determines the genetic code of the organism. Since all cells are made up of DNA, DNA replicates itself prior to starting both mitosis and meiosis, processes required for cell proliferation. In these processes, although errorsShow MoreRelatedDispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory1283 Words   |  6 PagesDispositional, and Evolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality theories their bearingRead MoreJohn Darwin s Natural Selection879 Words   |  4 PagesDarwin wrote a book â€Å"Natural Selection† and it was fun for me to read because his theories on natural and life evolutions are fascinating to learn. The idea that members of a species complete with each other for resources and that individuals that are better adapted to their lifestyles have a better chance of surviving to reproduce revolutionized the field of evolution. His idea was never approved or accepted for decades and today natural selection forms the basis for our understanding of how speedsRead MoreGould and Lewontins Essay The Spand rels of San Marco1052 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs rather than the perpetual, and actual scientific theories. Gould and Lewontins essay The Spandrels of San Marco is about an adaptationist programme and how it has taken over evolutionary belief in England and the United States during the past forty years. The people believe in the power of natural selection as a key mechanism of evolution. The writers don’t see eye to eye with this thought and are trying to reassert a competing theory that organisms must be seen as integrated wholes. GouldRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 PagesDarwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are phenotypic variants that result in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment. In reference to humans, there are many traits that have been selected and adapted for throughout their evolutionary history giving them the characteristics that they have todayRead MoreOrigin Of Life On Earth And How Biological Populations Have Changed And Developed Over Successive Generations1635 Words   |  7 Pages The theory of evolution discusses, with considerable proof, the history of life on earth and how biological populations have changed and developed over successive generations. Despite the abundance of evidence for evolution, both scientific and physical, some still doubt the validity of this theory. However, once compared with the alternative theory of creation, it is apparent that evolution is the most probable explanation for the origin of life on earth, to date. This essay will explain a handfulRead More Argument Against Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesproposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin, diversity and complexity of life. I will will disprove evolution by showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary changes, collectively known as microevolution. Natural selection cannot drive large evolutionary changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the primordial soup, in which life supposedly evolved, did not exist . Neo-Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into Darwins original theory while leavingRead MoreWhat Is The Evidence For Evolution?1363 Words   |  6 Pagesevidence for evolution? I will start my essay by briefly describing, what is evolution theory? And also going into more depth of evolution theory such as; who was the first person ratifying theory and so on. The Evolution theory is that the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth such as genetic, migration and natural selection today’s descendants show an amazing amount of similarities and diversity. EvolutionRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biol ogical classification that we use today, and did so in the spiritRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Biblical Creation1028 Words   |  5 Pagesin the environments. Natural selections meaning can be simplified as to which traits have the advantage to survive and reproduce in the environment they are living in. This meaning should not be confused with believing that the environment itself creating different species, yet the most suitable species will survive against the ones with less useful traits. The four processes of mechanism of evolutionary change are mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection. A mutation is permanentRead MoreDarwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Versus Creationism Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesof any kind in a truly rigorous scientific theory of the origin of life. This is disconcerting, to say the least. Obviously we have outgrown a strictly creationist lens, but has religion become completely obsolete? Does spirituality have a real place amongst the scientific tenets of evolutionary theory, or is it merely a crutch that we lean on? Can God and Darwin co-exist? The constantly mounting collection of evidence for evolution by natural selection is almost impossible to ignore. However, there

First Year Experience Free Essays

English 1301 Professor Terri Craig 20th March 2018 Registration Day Welcome to Lonestar Cy fair for the spring semester of 2018 all new and incoming first year college students. We here at Lonestar wish nothing but the best for you in your academic careers; while pursing your degree, in whatever that may be. Today will be your first introduction into the Lonestar college and registration system. We will write a custom essay sample on First Year Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now The registration process may seem overwhelming at first but that is simply because you have never had an experience like it before. Once you understand how everything operates around here, you will realize how simple and easy registration really is. I will be going over deciding your major, choosing your classes, and setting up financial aid. Everything will be explained in detail so that there will not be any confusion along the process. First things first, you all want to have a major so that you all do not waste your time. Everyone is not expected to know exactly what they would like to major in, so having an idea is also fine. To anyone who is unsure on their major you can meet up with any of our advisors here at the school free of charge Monday through Friday. They will dig into your personality a bit, asking you various questions such as are you more of an introvert or extrovert, also your preferences to point you in the right direction of what to major in. The advisors will also help students decide on which classes to take to reach the ultimate goal of graduating. Deciding on a major is important for two reasons when first starting off college. Reason one being that you all do not want to waste your time chasing a career path that does not suit you or you do not enjoy. Secondly, in order to pick your classes accordingly, you have to have a major. Having a major brings me into my second topic, which is picking your classes.Picking your classes will be the easiest task you have on registration day. You all will choose your classes in the enrolment lab; the Enrollment Lab is a computer lab located on the first floor and is available to students who need assistance. During this process you will be able to decide on the days, time, and types of classes you wish to take. Do you want to have class in a classroom or online? Or do you want to have a mixture of both? Are you a morning person who can function or do you prefer to sleep in and have class later in the day? You have the option to pick and decide how you want to approach your classes. If you would like to know more about your potential professor, you can look up the different reviews they have to decide if they best match your learning style. Once you have decided on your classes, all you have to do is register and you are good to go. Its best to pick classes that day because they will often fill up quickly. Now that you all have decided on your major and which classes to go along with that, you need to check in with financial aid.Financial aid is not a requirement for everyone who attends college, but for most it is a major help. If you are interested in financial aid, save yourself the hassle and have everything you need prepared before you go, to save yourself a bit of time. Financial aid is funding available to students to assist with the completion of academic programs if you qualify for it. This includes student loans, scholarships, and work study programs just to name a few. It is best to go early to the financial aid office because it is often the busiest on registration day. Registration day is always confusing for any new comer into any college system. However, as you can tell the, registration process is not that difficult at all. Once you decide on a major, the other steps just come naturally. I hope you all find it simple and easy to navigate around the school on registration day. How to cite First Year Experience, Papers

Economistic and humanistic of leadership - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economistic and humanistic of leadership. Answer: The Incident: While being in one of my courses in the university, I had been given the task of planning our annual event of award distribution and the entertainment show that is associated with it. I chose six people from our class whom I knew were good at specific areas. I had distributed the responsibilities associated with the execution of the programme on different individuals of the team, basing on their strengths. I had taken up the role of the manager and had kept an eye on the planning of the programme and other details. However, as the process of work begun there aroused a certain number of problems like lack of synchronization, absence of proper communication and understanding among the group members. This made the progress of the work slow and I as a manager had to apply my skills of Planning, Organising, Leadership and Controlling (POLC) to handle the situation in a proper manner and make the task run smoothly. Analysis: After identifying the basic problem that our group was facing while planning the programme I started to work in accordance with the POLC strategy of function. I realized that our team members lack the basic planning, which is very necessary for any task to be done successfully. I had allocated their respective tasks to them but they could not plan their course of action and thus I decided to prepare for them a detailed planning chart. I had clearly stated that how much of time they should allocate to each of the tasks they had been given and I had also given them a routine, following which will make their tasks get done easily. The next thing that I did was organizing the group. At the beginning of the project, there was no proper communication among my group members, which made them unaware of each others progress. I made sure that they communicate with each other on a regular basis and keep each other updated about the progression of the task. In this way I by applying my organisin g skills, I made my disorganized team an organised one. The next thing that I had to do was to use my leadership skills as otherwise I would not have been able to manage a team of six people. I motivate them to do their share of tasks and when they completed their tasks successfully, I praised them in front of the group, which made them motivated and eager to work. As the team lead, I had also done my share of hard work so that they can get motivated by seeing me working and work in accordance with me. Another thing that I had to do was controlling my teammates. Some of them were unruly and were not ready to work the way I asked them. In that situation I had to use my controlling skills and give the unruly ones basic warnings so that they work properly. The warnings worked in a positive way and I handled the situation properly by applying my controlling skills. Critical Evaluation: I believe that my approach towards executing the annual prize distribution ceremony and the associated function has been quite effective as the programme was a successful one and everyone, including my professors was happy with the outcome. However, I believe that there were certain points where I could have worked in a better way and been more effective. According to me I started to organize the team at a later part of the project, which should have been made earlier as that would have saved us from taking the additional pressure of time crunch that we had to face due to poor organising plans. Apart from this, I believe the rest of the actions were apt and just. Scientific Management Theory and Ford Motors: Frederick Winslow Taylor developed the Scientific Management theory in the early of the twentieth century. The theory focuses on performance on the given task, supervising and motivating qualities of the employers or managers. The main principles of the theory are to develop a scientific outlook towards the given task, training the employees in a scientific manner so that they can aptly handle the tasks given to them and ensuing proper division of labour (Cameron and Green 2015). The theory encourages the managers of any given organization to give the employees a lucrative incentive scheme in accordance to their performances as that helps in motivating the employees to work better. However, there are a number of assumptions that the theory includes. For example, the theory assumes that the world can be predicted, human beings will take rational decisions only, all kinds of projects are created in an equal manner and the lifecycle of any project is stable. These kinds of assumptions m ake the theory harmful to the management of the project, as not everything might happen in accordance with the assumptions. The company of Ford Motors is one of the companies that use the Scientific Management Theory and are quite successful as well in the market. The making of the automobiles of Henry Ford was in a simultaneous process with the development of the management theories of Taylor. Ford used to name his designed cars alphabetically from that ranged from A to S. The most successful car was the model that was named as T. The cars of the series T started getting produced from the year 1908, which was just three years before Taylors Principles of Scientific Management came out in 1911 (Waring 2016). Implementing the scientific theory of Taylor, the Ford Motor company successfully produced almost fifteen million models of the cars belonging to the series T in between the years of 1908 and 1927. Henry Ford followed the theory of scientific management that helped him to reduce the production cost of the cars and enabled him to make his cars available to the mass. According to the scientific theory of Taylor, the production of a company will get significantly high if the individual workers are assigned the roles that they can perform the best as depending on their personal area of strengths and abilities. Taylor further pointed out that the productivity is bound to increase if unnecessary physical movement made by the workers is lessened. Henry Ford believed that applying these strategies will help him to reach his goal of making cars for the mass successful and thus, he hired Taylor to observe the employees of the company and guide them in accordance with the concepts of the theory (Kipping and sdiken 2014). The first step that Ford took to implement the scientific theory into his production was to train each of his employees in a scientific manner focusing on their personal strengths and it significantly helped the company to produce more cars that could be affordable by the mass, which helped the business of Ford Motors go higher. Till the present the company follows the Scientific Management strategy and has successfully held its position in the market. Humanistic Theory: Humanistic perspective emerged as a management theory around the late of the nineteenth century as a theory that emphasized on the understanding of the human behaviour and the needs and attitudes of the employees in the workplace. Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard mainly advocated the theory (Dierksmeier et al. 2016). Mary Parker Follett was of the opinion that though the employee and the employers belong to the same organization and are a part of the same project, there remains a distinction between them, which needs t be abolished in order for better production and growth of the company. Another advocate of the theory, Chester Barnard opined that the success of any given organization depended on the good relationship between the employers and the employee as well as the relationship of the entire organization with external institutions and groups (Pirson and Von Kimakowitz 2014). He further developed the concept of planning in a strategic way and accepting the theory of autho rity. According to this theory the managers must gain the acceptance of the authority that they possess. This theory further argues that the main functions of the executives of any organization is to create and maintain a proper communication with the market, to hire employees and also to motivate the employees so that they can work in benefit of the organization (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). However, this theory can have the negative impact of the employees going unruly as the concept of authority is not given much importance to and it is the individuals controlling abilities that are being given focus on. The founder of the motor company Ford had from the very beginning along with the scientific management strategy, taken help of the humanistic strategy to produce cars that can be afforded by the mass. He had trained his employees basing on their personal fields of strengths and had made sure that each of the employees was placed in the field that he was best at. This strategy has helped Ford to increase its production and thus the company has successfully achieved its goal of producing cars that can be afforded by the mass in general. References: Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Dierksmeier, C., Amann, W., Von Kimakowitz, E., Spitzeck, H., Pirson, M. and Von Kimakowitz, E. eds., 2016.Humanistic ethics in the age of globality. Springer. Hrisch, J., Freeman, R.E. and Schaltegger, S., 2014. Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework.Organization Environment,27(4), pp.328-346. Kipping, M. and sdiken, B., 2014. History in organization and management theory: More than meets the eye.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.535-588. Lawrence, P.R. and Pirson, M., 2015. Economistic and humanistic narratives of leadership in the age of globality: Toward a renewed Darwinian theory of leadership.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.383-394. Modaff, D.P., Butler, J.A. and DeWine, S.A., 2016.Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Pirson, M. and Dierksmeier, C., 2014. Reconnecting management theory and social welfare: A humanistic perspective-dignity as the missing link. Pirson, M. and Von Kimakowitz, E., 2014. Towards a Human-Centered Theory and Practice of the Firm: Presenting the Humanistic Paradigm of Business and Management.Journal of Management for Global Sustainability,2(1), pp.17-48. Rowlinson, M., Hassard, J. and Decker, S., 2014. Research strategies for organizational history: A dialogue between historical theory and organization theory.Academy of Management Review,39(3), pp.250-274. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

Acid Base Titration Lab Essay Example

Acid Base Titration Lab Essay The completion of a reaction can be seen by a change in color or when the pH remains constant. The equivalence point during titration is when both solutions are present in equal amounts. The end point of the titration is when the reaction has been completed, which is usually marked by a change in color. One researchable question relating to acid/base titration would be what strengths of acids and bases react with each other during titration, and what kind of solution woo a ten two teen Tort. Strong access Ana strong oases can react, Ana teen Tort a neutral solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Base Titration Lab specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Base Titration Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Base Titration Lab specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Strong acids and weak bases can react, and they form an acidic elution. Strong bases can also react with weak acids to form a basic solution. Errors Improvements Adding Noah too quickly. Add the Noah one drop at a time until the proper level has been reached. The data was not properly recorded. Keep track of each pH increase for each experiment as opposed to Just initial and spikes. Beret may have been contaminated since multiple classes used the same beret without cleaning it. Clean the beret before and after each period of experimentation in order to avoid contamination.

Pollock - An Overview of the Biopic essays

Pollock - An Overview of the Biopic essays For my film, I chose to cover the biopic, "Pollock", starring Ed Harris. The film covers the complex life of one of America's most abstract painters, Jackson Pollock. The film's lead, Ed Harris, was a fantastic choice for the role. A little-known fact, "Ed Harris's father bought his son a book about Jackson Pollock simply because he felt Ed bore a strong resemblance to the painter. Ever since then, Ed Harris became fascinated with Pollock's life." (IMDB, 2000) This allowed him to portray the role in a very personal, well-informed way. Because of this, the film truly allowed me to gaze into the artist's life and gain a deeper appreciation for the external elements that affected the art created by such a renowned artist. The film literally walks us through what Jackson Pollock experienced during his career and short life. It starts at the climax of his career with the artist signing Life magazines that he was featured on. It then quickly flashes back to the beginning, the struggles he faced, and the difficulty he had getting his art showcased. You can see the frustration portrayed, and you can sense that he's almost ready to give up. He's living with his brother Sande in a small apartment, when Lee Krasner decides to intervene. She brings Jackson home with her and becomes his manager. Throughout everything, alcohol is constantly getting in the way and causing heartache for everyone in his life. He gets a fairly big deal from Peggy Guggenheim, who he almost sleeps with and that leads to some moderate success. He marries Lee and focuses on his career, the alcohol still getting in the way of any sort of peace. Life magazine does a feature story on him and things get better. He backs off of alcohol te mporarily and that creates a better mood and relative peace. The peace didn't last for long and after a photographer attempting to make a movie on Jackson triggers his drinking, things spiral downwards. He lets it get out of hand and blo...

Informative speech on the differences in mile stones between a normal Essay

Informative speech on the differences in mile stones between a normal person and a person with developmental disabilities - Essay Example Childhood is a period marked by incredible growth rate and every parent is excited about the future prospects of their children. Despite our differences that we show once we are on this earth, we develop along a certain route but at different rates. While some are slow in developing, others are fast. Yet others need wheelchairs to move around. Meyerhoff (6) believe that children are always surrounded by eager caretakers who follow every step of the kid’s growth, always enquiring why the child next door is developing fast than theirs. Many beg to ask if normal development has a range. Although, people develop at different rate, normal development has a range that is used to show the differences in milestones between a normal person and a person with developmental disabilities. According to Meyerhoff (6), developmental milestones are crucial in assessing the development of a child. It is good to note that the milestones are not static as different individuals either exhibit skills earlier while other individuals are late in exhibiting the skills. The milestones are also used to diagnose children with developmental disorders. These milestones are often associated with development of language capabilities, motor and social development. The milestones are divided into age categories and a normal child should show the skills and abilities of one age category before they enter into the next age category. It is also important to note that children develop differently in the different areas. Further, children who develop fast in one area may be slow in other areas. For example, a child who learns to use verbal language may struggle with spoken language. Another factor to note in developmental milestones is cultural differences. The development of an individual may be influenced by cultural and environmental differences. It is common knowledge that cultures perceive things differently. For example, making eye contact, speaking to adults and

Business for multi national Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business for multi national - Essay Example There is a concept of separate legal identity which differentiates the assets of the company from its owners. However, in the case of Maxwell, the funds of different organizations were used by him as if they were his own money which is contradicting not only the ethical aspect, but also the accounting aspect of ownership and control. Maxwell should have only used the funds of the company; even those funds should have been used after the approval from board. Maxwell used the funds of pension funds which belonged to employees and used them as collateral. This is an open violation of agency theory. The theory states that the trustees or people who control the movement of funds are the agents acting on the behalf of the true owners of those resources and they should make the best possible decision for the resources that are entrusted to them. When the ownership and control are exercised in the disadvantage of the stakeholders than the relationship between the agents and principal is terminated. Then any loss accruing from the misuse of funds or resources accrues to the agent and not the principal. Maxwell’s share of loss in this case should have been larger and he should have been burdened with all the resources that were due to his actions as an agent acting without the consent of principal. Maxwell disadvantaged the other stakeholders for the benefit of his own company. This is again something that is unacceptable from the ethical point of view and also from the regulatory and business point of view. The stakeholders suffered and in the end, Maxwell and his company suffered badly also. However, the funds that were loss due to his carelessness were not recovered and it can be seen in this case that when agent does something on this own behalf he is probably using the motive of self interest. That is one reason why law makers have developed the concept of â€Å"Board of Directors† that have to be consulted with so that

California Laws on Meals and Breaks Research Paper - 1

California Laws on Meals and Breaks - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that there is evidence that many organizations violate this law and are unwilling to provide this free time to the employees. Besides, some organizations provide these breaks at irregular time while others attach strict conditions regarding the utilization of this period. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to determine how the law should be implemented within the work environment and the role that the employees should play in contributing to the implementation of this law. Evidently, the government needs to support this work policy to reduce the various violation instances in the country. California’s breaks and meals laws provide employers with a framework on how to organize the working and rest period for their employees. According to the law, employers are required to provide their workers with 30 minutes break after every five working hours from the start time if the total working period exceeds 6 hours. Organizations that provide l ess than 6 working hours are exempted to this law as the government considers this working period considerably short. The implication is that if the workers have to work for more than ten hours, they must be awarded more than two breaks as a resting period. The law strictly requires that the five hours rule be adhered as part as obedience to the law. During the break, the employees are free to use this time for their personal duties rather than work. They are not limited to stay within the work premises and may leave to go to other places. However, they must return as soon as this break period is over to continue with their day work.

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay

Describe The Mandatory Rotation Of Audit Firm Accounting Essay Introduction From the 2008 financial crisis, the weakness of audit system has exposed in several aspect. European Parliament and public consider that the auditors fail to play during the financial crisis. The European Commission said that the auditors only consider majority of banks had exposed a great quantity of loss from 2007 to 2009 in both on and off balance sheet in the financial crisis, however, it is a hard work for the public and stakeholders to know how the auditors to give the clean auditing reports to their principal. In addition, the European Commission takes into account preventing the concentration in the audit industry, which including restricting the choices and competition. Further, they also consider the independence of the audit firm and the reduction of the expectation gap. All things the European Commission do is to increase the quality of audit, so they think that the current auditing system should be reform. According to KPMG (2012), because of the failure of auditors in financial crisis, the lobby of small firms and the US has taken action on the independent issue. Meanwhile, in order to adapt to the environments, which contain changes to financial reporting and increasing the risk and going concern issue for the companies. The European Commission came up the proposals on 30th November 2011 to address the matters that appeal in the financial crisis and rebuild the confidence of the audit system. The proposals define the role of auditors and propose more restrict provisions for audit firms. It aim at strengthening the independence and professional skepticism of auditors, making the audit industry more diversification, enforcing the regulation, promote the cross-border stipulation of audit services and relieving the burden of the small and medium-size enterprise. To enhance the independence of audit firm and prevent the concentration of the audit industry is the main purpose of the propos als. The Elliott and Jacobson (1998) suggested that audit independence is an absence of interests that create an unacceptable risk of material bias with respect to the reliability of financial statements. The basic goal of audit is to assure the information which provide to shareholders are reliable. Further, as for audit independence, the direct role is to provide auditing serve and make the cost of capital market more efficiently. Consider about preventing the concentration, should make the audit industry more dynamic, such as decreasing the power of the Big Four audit firm (KPMG, Deloitte, Pricewaterhousecoopers and Ernst Young). In addition, the dynamic of audit market give the opportunities for small and medium-size enterprise to benefit from the internal market. In order to strengthen the independence of audit and make the audit market more dynamic, the European Commission brought up the proposals to perfect the audit system, the key elements of the proposals is mandatory rotation of audit firms, mandatory tendering, non-audit services, and European supervision of the audit sector, Enabling auditors to exercise their profession across Europe, Cutting red tape for smaller auditors. This essay is aim at discussing the issue of mandatory rotation of audit firm, one of the key elements to enhance the independence of audit industry. The essay will divided into three parts, firstly, it will describe the mandatory rotation of audit firms; secondly, it will analyses the argument for and against this issue; finally, it will come to a conclusion. Describe the mandatory rotation of audit firm In order to strengthen the auditor independence, the European Commission is considering introducing mandatory external rotation. In the previous years, only internal rotation is required, which means only auditors should be rotated, because they think that auditors may make less suggestions because the routine activities of audit. However, the internal rotation cannot enhance the independence of the auditors, because the audit firm and audited entity build up partnership, no matter which auditors engage in the audit procedure, they have closely relationship, the independence of auditors cannot be enhanced. Therefore, current environment has suggest that the internal rotation is not sufficient, the external rotation should be taken in account to achieve the independence of audit. The proposal required the audit firm should be rotated after at most six years (with some exception). In addition, it should be after at least four year before the same audit firm can be entrusted again by the client, this is stated as the cooling period. The cooling period ensure the mandatory rotation can be implemented effectively, because if there is not the cooling period, the client can entrust the same audit firm after a short time, so that the closely relationship cannot be avoidance. There is a exception that the period of rotation can be extend to nine years if joint audits are engaged. This means that if an audited entity entrust at least two audit firm, it can extent the period of rotation to nine years, because the joint audit can make each audit firm work harder to avoid another audit firm find out their failure, this can increase the quality of the audit, so called four-eye principle. Hence, the joint audit is encouraged. According to Bocconi, which do a survey of the effect of mandatory rotation in Italy. The investigate shows that 69 % of managers of listed companies approve of rotation. 14 % consider it negatively. The survey presents a positive result, because they consider that in previous years, auditors focus on routine activities rather than making improvement. The people including in the survey agree the mandatory rotation in Italy can strengthen the independence. Discussion of the mandatory rotation The argument for the mandatory rotation of audit firm Firstly, the mandatory rotation of audit firm can reduce the risk of familiarity threat. If there is not mandatory rotation, the audit firm may have closely relationship with the audited entity, which would lead to several problems. For instance, the proposal (2011) of the European commission suggests that the audit firm tend to know well about the management of the audited entity, so that they may think the audit work as a routine work, which just repeating the work annually, and they pay less attention to make an improvement and find out the mistake the audited entity made. In addition, the auditor may be less suspicious of the audited entity, instead, they may decrease the difficulties so as to maintain the good relationship with the partner. The long period of engagement will cause routine, which may affect the competence and the quality of audit, hence, the mandatory rotation is necessary for reducing the familiarity threat. Secondly, according to Hoyle (1978), short term engagement will encourage the auditors to do better. If the audit firm fails to make the improvement in their auditing period, however, the next audit firm detects the unreported information, the reputation of the previous audit firm may be affected, so that the auditor will minimize the errors for managing the reputation. Further, the mandatory rotation can avoid the mistake or unreported information continue, because the next audit firm will scrutinize the document provide by the former audit form. Also, the long term engagement of the same auditor may cause the auditor trust the previous auditing procedure, so the rotation can reduce the risk of the auditor regards the engagement as the repetition of the last years work. Therefore, the mandatory can improve the quality of audit. Thirdly, the rotation provide the small and medium-size entities good opportunity to enter the competition in the segment of market. Although, the Bocconi study (2002) showed that the mandatory rotation did not provide the small and medium-size entity opportunity to compete in the audit market, they cannot compete against the large audit firm for the public-interest entities. However, take the mandatory tendering into account, the situation can be changed, the rules allow the small and medium-size entity to bid in the tendering, so that the rotation and joint audit enlarge the choice of audit firm for the audited enterprise. Therefore, combined with the mandatory tendering, the mandatory rotation can encourage the competition of the audit firm and provide more opportunity for small and medium-size entity to enter the audit market. Last but not least, the rotation can reduce the risk of fraud, which the audited entity collude with the audit firm. If both of the audited entity and audit firm fraud the public, when rotation implement, the fraud will be exposed by the coming new audit firm. The scandal of Enron can give a good example of this, if the rotation enact, the deceptive accounting may be found early or the audit firm will not collude with Enron in order to prevent the impairment of the reputation. So the mandatory rotation can reduce the risk of fraud. The argument against the mandatory rotation of audit firm According to the Bocconi study (2002), the opinion the audit firms and managers argue is that the cost of auditing fees as well as man-hours will increase under the mandatory rotation. It takes time for the incoming audit firm to read the sufficient document to know the audited entitys business. If the incoming audit firm do not know the audited entity enough, the quality of audit will decrease. Further, because there are many kinds of industry, it is difficult to maintain the industry specialization and may cause lack of choice of audited entity. According to Chi et al. (2004), they do not agree the mandatory rotation, they hold the opinion that the rotation may have negative impact on the quality of audit. They show the explanation that in the last year of audit before the rotation, the auditors may abandon their independence because they do not need to worry about the loss of quasi rents for they will not be re-elected. These can lead to the decrease of the last periods auditing quality. Bigus and Zimmermann (2007) said that because of the rotation, the quasi rent had been decreased, which implies the rotation may not increase the independence of audit firm. Consequently, the mandatory rotation cannot increase the quality and independence of audit firm as expect. Conclusion When come up the new proposals, there will have different voice because of the different role they play. As for the rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm, according to the European Commission, the Big Four hold the opposed attitude, they insist there is studies that have certify the mandatory rotation affect the quality of audit firm; the Mid Tier Firms and small and medium-size entities also do not stand by the rule, they consider the increase cost and harm to the quality of audit firm; the investors had divergent opinion; some of public authorities did not favor of the mandatory rotation, while others think the rule will be beneficial, one of the idea regards to the issue they came up it to allow the committee to decide whether the rotation of a firm should be needed. To sum up, the new rule of the mandatory rotation of audit firm may be beneficial, but only under certain situation. For example, the cost of fees and man-hours can be low to change audit firm; the negative impact of last period of audit before rotation can be avoid. So that, the proposal can be beneficial if more detail and rules can be add in to make the mandatory rotation more perfection.

Aunt Jennifers Tigers by Adrienne Rich Essay -- Aunt Jennifers Tiger

Aunt Jennifer's Tigers by Adrienne Rich Who is Aunt Jennifer? Does she even exist? I had to ask myself these questions before even going further into the poem. The answers opened the door to a deeper meaning behind Aunt Jennifer's Tigers. Based on Adrienne Rich's background I believe Aunt Jennifer did exist. However, Aunt Jennifer was not Rich's aunt. Aunt Jennifer represented women all over the world, particularly women in American, who were caught under the oppressive hand of a patriarchal society. Adrienne Rich was perhaps one of those women. Rich, one of the most influential poets of her time, dealt with controversial issues such as sexuality, race, language, power, and women's culture. Her passion in this area forced her to look and challenge the standard and the norm. The popular clichà © that refers to marriage as that old "ball and chain" takes on a more serious meaning with Rich as she reveals, through the simple lines of Aunt Jennifer's Tigers, a woman's struggles with expression, rebellion, and a society where power is defined as masculine. Aunt Jennifer's Tigers by Adrienne Rich Aunt Jennifer's Tigers prance across a screen, Bright topaz denizens of a world of green. They do not fear the men beneath the tree; They pace in sleek chivalric certainty. Aunt Jennifer's fingers fluttering through her wool Find even the ivory needle hard to pull. The massive weight of Uncle's wedding band Sit's heavily upon Aunt Jennifer's hand. When Aunt Jennifer is dead, her terrified hands will lie Still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by. The tigers in the panel that she made Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid. Rich begins her poem with a beautiful picture, setting the scene for the dream wo... ...it through masculine images. Those images were all she had ever known. Aunt Jennifer never got to see women standing strong and proud because they were simply women. She missed out on watching women become astronauts, businesswomen, artists, and policemen. The reason her needlepoint went "on prancing and proud and unafraid" was because the needlepoint represented all things masculine and therefore, had nothing to fear. In the end, Adrienne Rich showed that Aunt Jennifer represented every woman of her time. Ironically enough, she rebels using the oppressor's own language to feel a sense of triumph. Overwhelmed by gender roles, unable to communicate firsthand how they really felt, and torn between rebellion, expression, and society, Aunt Jennifer represses her fears and desires into the exotic tigers which go on living even after the weight of her world buries her.

Art Critque †Mona Lisa Overdose Essay

Using the different elements of art, the artist organized the elements to provoke a feeling of puzzlement and surprise to the audience. The Mona Lisa, being a famous painting, was distorted in a way that it projects a different emotion from the original one. Lorenzana presented the distortion of the proportion and scale of the face of the Mona Lisa in order to evoke a feeling of unsettling disbelief with the visuals of the painting. The change of the Mona Lisa’s face caused a contrast to be present in the artwork. It emphasized the subject’s face and the cigarette presented irony from the original knowledge about the base artwork. Combining all these elements, the artist was able to express the idea of the paining, which is how something clean and subtle, can turn into something mischievous or bizarre. The elements provided the audience a sense of bizarre facial elements on the subject, which caused a subtle, dark, and mysterious tone to be emanated from the painting. Interpretation By Paolo Alilam In this artwork Luis Lorenzana painted a very different Mona Lisa. He depicted a very â€Å"overdosed† Mona Lisa with a stick of cigarette, a bottle of Red Horse, and face with clown-like make up. I think he was just trying to add a little bit of today in something very classic. The normal Mona Lisa shows a very pleasant portrait. Luis Lorenzana’s artworks usually show surrealism or bizarreness. This fact explains this rendition of the Mona Lisa. I think he created this just to show creativity and give people a different taste compared to the usual. Who would imagine Mona Lisa like this anyway? When I look at the artwork I feel a bit weirded-out. For me it’s not such a pleasant artwork. It’s somewhat scary even. But, like I said, he made this artwork just to give people a different taste. â€Å"Do I think there are symbols to the artwork?† Maybe. Maybe Luis Lorenzana likes cigarettes, drinks, and other things like that. Well, I don’t really k now the guy. Another possibility is that when he was painting this he was smoking or drinking. We’ll never know unless we ask him. Judgment By JV Valdez The artwork is a very surrealistic painting. It presents the famous Mona Lisa in some sort of parody in which seems like she’s high on drugs and drunk from drinking â€Å"Red Horse beer†. In my opinion the artist presented a really good distortion of the Mona Lisa. In the original painting of the Mona Lisa she was presented as a demure woman, however the artist distorted that and turned her into a non-conservative drunkard. Based on my personal preferences, I would consider this as a good artwork because I have a preference for artworks that look demented and creepy. However, I don’t think it is an important artwork because I have seen a lot of different artworks trying to do the same distortion with the Mona Lisa as well. I also don’t find the artwork unique in anyway because like I said I have seen other distortions of the Mona Lisa and I view this certain artwork as just one of the many different imitations. All in all I really like this artwork because it has that eerie and demented emotion that it is trying to evoke from viewers, which gives me the creeps every time I look at it.

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether Word Choice: All Together vs. Altogether What happens when two words become one? Sometimes, like with â€Å"all right† and â€Å"alright,† both terms mean the same thing. But then we have â€Å"all together† and â€Å"altogether.† These terms have a shared origin, but they have also developed distinct meanings in modern English. How, then, should we use them? And how can you avoid errors in your writing? Let us explain. All Together (All in One Place or All in Unison) Written as two words, â€Å"all together† usually means â€Å"all in one place†: My family and I were all together on vacation last year. A slightly different use is to mean â€Å"all in unison† or â€Å"all at the same time†: Let’s sing a Christmas carol. All together now! We can also separate the â€Å"all† and â€Å"together† in some sentences. For example: All of my family and I were together on vacation last year. Let’s all sing a Christmas carol together! These mean the same as the equivalent sentences above, but they have been restructured. The key factor is that â€Å"all† is a determiner and â€Å"together† is an adverb in all of these sentences. Altogether (Entirely or Taken as a Whole) Written as one word, â€Å"altogether† usually means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"completely†: I’m not altogether sure you used that word correctly. Another use is to mean â€Å"takes as a whole† or â€Å"all things considered†: Altogether, it was the best Christmas we ever had. Finally, especially in the UK, â€Å"in the altogether† is a slang phrase for being nude. You probably don’t need to know this, as it’s quite rare. But we find the phrase amusing, so we thought we’d share. All Together or Altogether? These terms have developed distinct meanings over time, so make sure not to confuse them. Remember: The two-word phrase all together means â€Å"all in one place† or â€Å"all in unison.† Written as a single word, altogether means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If you are unsure which to use, try replacing it in the sentence with â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If the replacement fits, â€Å"altogether† will be correct. Otherwise, â€Å"all together† will be correct. And if you’d like any help checking the spelling in your writing, feel free to get in touch.

Prescribe vs. Proscribe

Prescribe vs. Proscribe Prescribe vs. Proscribe Prescribe vs. Proscribe By Sharon Only one letter separates this oppositional pair. To prescribe is to order the use of or set out a rule. From this we get a prescription, which sets out how you are to take a particular medicine. We also get prescriptive grammar, which is grammar that presumes that there is one set of grammatical rules that everyone should follow. In contrast, to proscribe is to forbid, ban or denounce. It originates from the Latin meaning to post in writing and described the 16th century practice of posting public notices about those who had been condemned. To keep the usage straight, think of this. If you are studying at college your set texts are prescribed, while texts that you are not allowed to read are proscribed. Incorrect Usage Some times even large publications get it wrong, like here: Prosecutors have portrayed 57-year-old Martin MacNeill as a lying adulterer who pestered his 50-year-old wife to get a face-lift and persuaded her plastic surgeon to proscribe a mix of potentially lethal pills for her recovery. (USA Today) Correct Usage Some emergency room doctors are far more likely than others even within their own department to prescribe opioids to treat pain in older people, and their patients are at greater risk of using the powerful drugs chronically than those who saw doctors who prescribe them less frequently, according to a large new study. (NY Times) Increasingly, the rules of workplace culture proscribe all sorts of talk about sex, and enforce this proscription with sensitivity training and strategic mention of lawsuits. (NY Times) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewAdvance vs. Advanced

BUS305, Competitive Analysis and Business Cycles Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

BUS305, Competitive Analysis and Business Cycles Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example mage advertising or institutional advertising designed to create public awareness of the citrus industry and to improve its reputation in the marketplace. Because this task is being undertaken by the Department from a tax paid by citrus growers on each box of citrus that moves through commercial channels, there is no need for individual citrus growers and merchants to advertise independently. According to the website, over 80 percent of the Departments annual budget of approximately 58 million dollars is spent on advertising and promotional activities for Florida citrus in the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. In this sense, then the Department acts as if it were a single corporate entity with numerous divisions or subsidiaries providing homogeneous products. In terms of demand and supply, the purpose of the Department is to regulate and apply standards of production and quality to meet domestic and international demand for Florida grapefruit. It also serves to promote the product through promotions and advertising, as well as to manage issues that arise. The citrus industry of state acts as if it were one single corporate entity managed by the executives of FDOC. In so doing it will seek to gain the best market share possible and endeavor to improve it over the long haul. By competing in the market for the product with other suppliers, the Florida citrus industry through the FDOC seeks to provide the quantity and quality of the agricultural product in the market at competitive prices. According to the Economics Dictionary, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to other nations. It was formed in the early 1960s but had little impact until the oil crisis in 1973. The goal or purpose of OPEC, an international cartel, is to control the production of oil and to establish favorable oil prices for the member nations. Most OPEC countries, such as Libya and Saudi Arabia, are in the Middle

Conduct a PESTEL analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conduct a PESTEL analysis - Essay Example Concern for global oil consumption in future is attributable to VAT rise in UK, rising oil prices, and a decline in global oil consumption. The increase in VAT has influenced the prices of commodities resulting from crude oil refinement. Economic factors inclusive of wage levels and inflation rates interfere with an organization costs. Consequently, the profit margin for BP is affected as sales lower because of a decline in demand of these derivatives that is attributable to the 2.5% rise in VAT. Clients and manufacturers may not order equivalent amounts of the commodities resulting from crude oil refinement because of affordability. The crude index has revealed considerable rise in oil prices over the past years and is attributable to some certain events including political unrest in Egypt, Iraq and of late Libya, that is the sixth largest producer of oil. BP has invested significantly in crude oil refinement. Additionally, the political imbalance in Egypt led to an increase in price to $ 101 per barrel and ultimately to $105 per barrel after Libya unrest. These events tend to affect oil prices considerably because there is a decrease of operations within these countries and instill an element of panic buying. Additionally, oil prices may be rising but statistically, global oil consumption is ever decreasing. The last decline was in the year 1982. This would support a report similar to the latest decline as apparent in global recessions. Some argued that greener attitudes and immense commitment by political leaders to minimize carbon emissions could also have led to the decline. In 2006, BP profits declined by nearly twenty-five percent compared to the year 2005. Therefore, if the recession continues, it will harm BP’s profits because of a decline in oil consumption (Schroder 2012). BP mainly focuses on utilization of fossil fuels connected with key environmental challenges. Following the controversial rebranding and pledge to

International Marketing - 3 discussion questions Essay

International Marketing - 3 discussion questions - Essay Example One of the differences between domestic marketing and international marketing is that domestic marketing is considered to be easier than international marketing because a company doing local marketing already understands the local/country customs and norms. The focus then is effective marketing. On the other hand international marketing is usually more difficult because literal translation can often turn off prospects. Other differences include the uncertainty of different foreign business environments that are not in domestic marketing. This is because there is a difference in infrastructure, technology, competitive dynamics, legal and governmental restrictions, customer preferences, culture and many additional uncontrollable variables. Organizations should be more concerned about international marketing because their international image should be of more importance to them. Another reason for emphasizing on international marketing is the fact that if an organization has a good international image then automatically its domestic image becomes of a competitive organization that will excel in the future. There are different conditions that have led to the development of global markets. The first condition is the limitation that each and every country cannot produce all the goods and products of their need. Even if they do have the capability then the required quantity is not met. Another important reason is the quality of a product. For example a country might be able to produce a good but another country is making it of a better quality so they will prefer to buy it rather than producing it themselves. There is an increased interest shown by US Organizations in the global markets, the major reason being to boost up the profits. Other reasons are to maintain a high image of the organization domestically, to exploit the international markets where customers want quality products that are

Role of Conflict and Power Essay Example for Free

Role of Conflict and Power Essay The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, is a novel about power, justice, and both internal and external conflict. The feelings of jealousy and selfishness are continually shown by at least two of the main characters throughout the story. This is also a story of cultural power brought on by the influences of the Taliban within the Afghan society. Power is a constant theme throughout the novel and ties closely with the conflict in the characters. Amir, is the central character and is shaped both in character and intellect by power. He is privileged and wealthy, but also steeped in jealousy and cowardice. He is selfish and guilty of abhorrent behaviors. The one positive strength Amir has is his friendship with Hassan. Considered best friends this is a friendship that is generally one-sided with Hassan showing the loyalty and trust. There is an ongoing conflict for this friendship because Amir shares paternal heritage with Hassan. Hassan was born into servitude and thus Baba, the boys’ father, cannot lay claim to Hassan’s heritage. The Afghan traditions and culture pose a conflict for Baba regarding Hassan. Hassan for his part is loyal, forgiving, and an all-around pleasant person to be with. The two boys are drawn to each other naturally. Hassan is the family servant and never wavers in his loyalty to the family even with the knowledge that he should be considered part of it. At the same time, Baba struggles with his own morals and the rigid Afghani traditions. He is proud and determined but also emotionally detached from Amir. Amir feels the detachment deeply and constantly strives to receive Baba’s affection. There are several characters that tie into the overall story. Ali is Hassan’s surrogate father and also servant to Baba. Assef is the antagonist for the story along with two other boys; Kamel and Wali. Assef is a bully and an abuser. Ultimately he sexually abuses Hassan and Sohrab, Hassan’s son. Assef feels no sorrow or remorse for his actions and  continues to bully people. In the second half of the novel, Farid, Amir’s driver and friend proves to be a valuable and trustworthy friend eventually helping to search for Sohrab. Sharif, is Amir’s uncle by marriage and also proves to be an asset in bringing Sohrab to the United States. There are many more second class characters within the story that have minor roles to the significance of the story. Communication, or the lack thereof, plays an important part to the story. Baba lacks emotional communication with both Amir and Hassan. For Amir, Baba displays his love with gifts and monetary gains. This leads Amir to feel privileged and entitled. He is a selfish child with no real emotional connection to his father. Amir displays jealousy to anyone receiving Baba’s affection no matter how small the significance. This jealousy is directed at Hassan because Amir is taught to believe that servants are beneath him. Hassan for his part, is a good natured child, he forgives easily and comes across almost as naive. Amir behaves terribly toward Hassan, using passive-aggressive tactics to goad Hassan, which never really works to Amir’s benefit. It becomes apparent that although Amir considers Hassan to be his best friend, Amir struggles with the communication necessary to show his affection. When Hassan is raped, it is because Amir betrays him. It isn’t until well after the rape that a grown Amir can effectively communicate his guilt regarding his role in the rape. This guilt eventually leads Amir to search for Hassan’s son. Communication plays another significant role that closely ties culture and relationships. Afghani culture seems to have a specific role for males; emotions are not shown although there is a deep value on morals. The fact that culture plays such an important part is evident within the relationship between Baba and Hassan. Baba cannot publicly announce that Hassan is his son but he can do small favors and give gifts. He can also treat Hassan as a part of the family with deference to direct heritage; son versus nephew. Communication and culture directly affect the issues of power and conflict within the story and the dialogue between the characters. The greatest source of conflict is caused by the fact that Hassan is Baba’s son. Amir is aware of this fact and reacts negatively. Amir is both jealous and cruel to Hassan, yet he also considers Hassan to be his most important friend. The friendship is generally one-sided with Hassan consistently showing his trust and loyalty to Amir even after the next major conflict occurs, Hassan’s rape.  Hassan’s rape is brought on by Amir’s actions. He wants to be the best kite runner and tries to prove himself during a competition with Hassan at his side. Assef shows his true character within this portion of the novel by sexually abusing Hassan. Amir fails to intervene in the rape of Hassan and subsequently struggles with guilt. Amir attempts to atone for his actions throughout the rest of the book. Part of the conflict for Amir is within himself. He allows and unspeakable act to happen to his best friend, then he feels tremendous guilt about not helping him. This guilt ultimately affects Amir’s character and changes the way he sees things. Assef, Hassan’s rapist, shows the magnitude of his power from the beginning towards both boys but eventually directs his power on Hassan. The primary reason for this is because of the culture and way of life and also Hassan’s status within the community. Conflict ultimately leads to displays of power throughout the book. Power is a cornerstone of the events to the story. It is shown in many differing ways from authority and control to and a means to an end. Assef uses his power to prove his social status. He is demeaning, mean, and a bully to those he considers beneath him. The rape is an effect of Assef’s definition of power. The other real source of power comes from the Taliban regime. The Taliban show power over others because they own it and others do not. Power is exclusive to the Taliban because of control and this allows the Taliban to reign over everyone. Baba feels this power and shows his deference to it by following the rules of the culture. These rules eventually lead to the conflict in the story. Power and control can pave the way for a person to either be held under or to allow them to regain control over themselves. When Amir finally discloses his guilt in the final portion of the book, he shows his own power. Amir is able to gain self-worth through his actions to help Sohrab and thus begins to forgive himself for his role in Hassan’s tragedy. Self-disclosure has a purpose in life and Amir uses it perfectly. He is able to confront his own issues while at the same time offer assistance to another. This is a novel that is worth reading. It gives a unique perspective on Afghani culture that a person wouldn’t normally see. There is culture of rigid rules, family dynamics and secrets, as well as how society rules over people.

Case study of sleep disorder and sleep apnea

Case study of sleep disorder and sleep apnea Sleep disorder is one of the most vital problem face by many people in life. Mostly face by older generations and adults. Sleeping is controlled by hypothalamus which is one of the part of a human brain system. Body temperature in some way controls the activities of ones body, playing a role like a switch for on/off. Higher temperature brings alertness while lower temperature causes sleep. Sleep disorder comes in many different forms like Bruxism, Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), Cataplexy Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD), insomnia, sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares and somnambulism. Interfering with normal sleeping habits frequently and continuously can be listed as sleep disorder. Sleep disorder are capable of influencing emotional, physical and mental health of a human being. Moreover, sleeping disorder not only causes trouble to the victim but the person staying in the same house at them. Polysomnography is one of the a test commonly use to test for sleep disor ders. Before the 20th century, sleeping problems are face by many people and theres no cure and research about it but till this century, due to the rapidly increasing knowledge of mankind, many research have been brought up just to find solutions for all diseases. In the UK, most of the research are mainly focus on sleep apnea but not others as a proof that they are lagging on knowledge of sleep medicine and possibility of treatment in other sleeping disorders. There are some general principles of treatment that could be find worldwide but mostly in US. Treatments for sleeping disorders can generally be grouped into four different categories that are behavioural/ psychotherapeutic treatments, rehabilitation, medications and other somatic treatments. Treatments such as this does not provides a 100% success and not suitable for all sleeping disorders. History of different people and medical reports of everyone is so greatly different so it is best to say that specific treatment are given to specific patients diagnosis. Disorders such as narcolepsy are best treated pharmacologically. Chronic sleep disorder influenced 70% of children development and psychologically while sleep-phase disruption affects adolescents who could not attend regular school schedules. Effective treatment will begin with careful diagnosis and modifications in sleeping hygiene may reduced the problem. It si said that special equipments are used for several disorders( obst ructive apnea). Research also shows that some sleep disorders are also found to be compromise glucose metabolism. Sleeping is absolutely the essential thing for a normal and healthy lifestyle, according to the United States, roughly about 40 million suffer from long term sleep disorder while nearly 20 million experience mild/ occasional sleep problems. Sleeping disorder suddenly became an important issue because many more people are facing it and body needs sleep to survive because study shown that sleep is essential for immune system and maintaining the ability to fight against diseases and sickness. Learning, growing, functions of brains also comes from the amount of rest absorb because it is said that sleeping helps regenerate and repair cells. Sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is one of the most well-known sleep disorder face by many and said to be one of the most dangerous disorder to be faced compare to others. Another name for sleep apnea is call sleeping breathing disorder. This disorder is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a persons breathing is influenced by some activities during sleep. Untreated sleep apnea patients will normally face stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep almost hundreds of time. Facing this disorders means that the brain and body are not getting enough oxygen. There are actually two different kind of sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) and Central sleep apnea. OSA is more common of the two forms of apnea and normal the causes is a blockage of the airway usually the soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses during sleep while Central sleep apnea is unlike OSA where theres no blockage but the brain fails to signal the muscle to breath which will due to instant instability in the respiratory con trol centre. After having modern research from scientist, sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age even children, the causes of having sleep apnea are gender(mostly male) , being overweight, older after the age of forty, having a large neck size, large tonsils, family history and some other problems. Having untreated sleep apnea could cause quite severe effects like high blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, diabetes, depression and worsening of ADHD. Having poor performances in activities in many different places could be one of the sign of facing sleep apnea. Sleep apnea can be explained in terms like breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. This disorder often occurs to 5 to 30 times or more per hour. Normally, normal breathing starts again with a loud snort or choking sound which can be easily detect by family members sleeping around them. Sleep apnea often goes undiagnosed while doctor usually cant detect this symptoms so soon. Obstructive sleep apnea is very common with overweight people and happens randomly too, when a person who has sleep apnea tries to breathe, any air that squeezes past the blockage will produces a loud snoring. Some research found out that Central sleep apnea happens less but random while it mostly occur on people that have certain medical conditions or is using certain medicines. Regardless of type, an individual who has sleep apnea will rarely be aware of themselves having difficuly breathing during sleep and even upon awakening. This problems mostly are being recognized as a problem by other wi tnessing the individual. Some treatments can be found to treat Obstructive sleep apnea which involve the lifestyle changes, such as avoiding drinking alcohol or muscle relaxants, weight lost and quitting smoking. Sleeping at a 30-degree elevation of the upper body or higher can be use as a recliner that helps prevent the gravitational collapse of airway while sleeping on a side as opposed to the sleeping on the back theory are also recommended as treatment for sleep apnea because the gravitational component is smaller for lateral position while some people are benefiting through various kinds of oral appliances to keep the airway open. Theres a treatment called Continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) while other surgical procedures to remove/tighten tissue while widen the airway. Snoring does not actually mean a person is having sleep apnea but mostly overweight people who snores loudly and hardly during sleeping could actually mean sleep apnea. In US, researches revealed that people with OSA has tissue lo ss in brain regions that store memory(hippocampus) which somehow linking OSA to memory loss. Scientists discovered that people that has OSA mammillary bodies are 20 percent smaller than normal people mostly on the left region of the body which is because of repeated drops of oxygen that lead to brain injury. In pure central sleep apnea or known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration, the brains respiratory control centres are imbalanced during sleep while the blood levels of carbon dioxide is higher compare to normal people sleeping and the level of oxygen is lower. The sleeper will stop breathing and then starts breathing again. No effort made to breath, no chest movement and no struggling. In central sleep apnea, the basic neurological controls for breathing rate cant functions and fail to provide signal to inhale. Some people are facing the combination of both type of sleep apnea. Combinations of obstructive sleep apnea and central apnea by loss of central respiratory drive during sleep in OSA. The presence of central sleep apnea without an obstructive component is a common result of abuse by owing to the characteristic respiratory depression that are mainly cause by large doses of narcotics. Obstructive Sleep Apnea can be determine by having a sleep test which is called polysomnography which is usally done to diagnose sleep apnea. Actually there a two kinds of polysomnography, an overnight polysomnography test that involves monitoring brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, respiration, oxygen level in the blood and having audio monitoring. The second kind of polysomnography test is called a home monitoring test. A sleep Technologist sticks you up with all the electrodes and instructs you on how to record your sleep with a computerized polysomnography that user can take it home and return the computerized polysomnography in the morning. These test are painless test that are covered by insurance. Sleep apnea can be treated in many ways but for severe apnea, there is a Bi-level (Bi-PAP) machine that is different in that it blows air at different pressures. Thats when a person inhales, the pressure is higher while exhaling the pressure is lower. Your own doctor will measure the pressure and a home healthcare company will set the apparatus hence providing training user to use and maintenance it. Tracheostomy is the only treatment available until early 1980s. Its a surgical procedure where a small hole is cut in the neck and a tube with a valve is inserted into the specific hole. During the day, the valve is closed so that the patient can speak while the valve is open at night to avoid obstructions. This treatment is now the last resort for sleep apnea for you must be extremely sick to require this. Uvulo-palato-pharyngoplasty (UPPP) is the treatment available today which means plastic surgery of the pharynx(the pharynx is the joint opening of the gullet and windpipe). This surgery is usually done for patients that cannot tolerate with nasal CPAP. This surgery has help around 50% people and still others do not. Laser Assisted Uvuloplasty(LAUP) is a surgical procedure that remove the uvula and surrounding tissue that open the airway behind the palate. This procedure is said to be used to relieve snoring while somehow successfully treating sleep apnea, before doing this surgical treatment, make sure you have a doctor that has experience doing this procedure with extreme knowledge about sleep apnea. The latest treatment for sleep apnea will be called somnoplasty, getting approvable from US Food and Drug Administration, this treatment uses radio waves to shrink tissue in air passages and almost eliminating all snoring problems. This special and safe procedure is called radiofrequenc y volumetric tissue reduction of the palate. This radiofrequency treatment involves piercing the tongue, throat or soft palate with a electrode needle(special needle specific for this treatment) that is connected to a radio frequency generator. The inner tissue is then heated to about 158 to 176 degrees and takes approximately nearly half an hour. The inner tissues are shrinking while the outer tissue such as taste buds are left intact. Several treatments may be required. This treatment should only be carry out after doing a lot of research and getting the advantages and disadvantages of each different treatment, because some might have side effects. In summary of sleep apnea, the causes of sleep apnea maybe family historical backgrounds but it might be also connected to the body weight of each individual. Make sure to take care of own body after over the age of forty and having large tonsils or tongue might causes sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is one of the most dangerous sleeping disorder that can actually kills the patient instantly because this sleeping disorder interrupts a person during their sleep and the patient wouldnt even know what happen after they get awaken due to lack of oxygen. Sleep apnea prevents breathing from happening and causes lower level of oxygen to be transported to all part of body. There are two kinds of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea happens when blockage of airway occur while central sleep apnea happens when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breath to intake and exhale oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the body. Sleep apnea prevents natur al sleeping hence causing high blood pressure, stroke, heart failure, diabetes, depression and many more. Sleep apnea cannot be left untreated because if a human stops breathing, high chance that the person might just die. There are a few variety of treatments for sleep apnea including continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP), variable positive airway pressure(VPAP), automatic positive airway pressure(APAP), Bi-level(Bi-PAP)machine, TRACHEOSTOMY, UVULOPALATOPHARYNGOPLASTY(UPPP), MANDIBULAR MYOTOMY, LASER ASSISTED UVULOPLASTY(LAUP) and RADIO FREQUENCY(RF) PRODECURE OR SOMNOPLASTY. All these treatment are mainly focusing on removal of uvula, cutting bone in anterior portion of mandible or having a small hole to let air diffuse in. CASE STUDY: SLEEP APNEA Sleep apnea is a common but potentially dangerous sleep disorder which can be characterized by repeated pauses in your breathing while asleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes and can occur thirty or more times per hour. Apneic events usually stop with a loud snort, snore or choking sound which can often momentarily wake you up which will then cause regular breathing to resume. From the research of Emily Cashman, BS, RRT, the clinical training manager at ResMed in Poway, Calif, diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are common disorders that often coexist. In fact, they are equally prevalent within the U.S. adult population.  OSA can affect anyone, including children. However, the population typically associated with the disorder includes overweight adults who snore heavily. Sleep apnea is more common in men, and 50% of type 2 diabetic men also have OSA. There are many treatments for sleep apnea. Any practitioner can identify OSA symptoms. Patients are then r eferred to a sleep specialist, and an overnight polysomnography is conducted in a sleep laboratory or the patients home. The standard treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The air pressure functions like a splint for the upper airway to prevent apneas from occurring and keep the airway from collapsing. This permits normal breathing to continue during sleep, normal sleep patterns to emerge, sleep to become restorative, and the patient to feel better. The impact is often immediate and dramatic. The success of treatment is measured by the reduction of respiratory disturbance to normal levels, the elimination of symptoms such as fatigue and depression, and improvement in the patients subjective feeling of well-being. Effective treatment will eliminate snoring and apnea events and has demonstrated decreases in blood pressure and post-prandial glucose levels within 30 days. OSA is often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Complaints of fatigue and sleepiness are attributed to lifestyle, stress, other medical conditions (such as diabetes), or side effects from medications. Sleep apnea should be investigated when patients present classic symptoms. Theres a 61-year-old man called J.B who is a busy physician and has had type 2 diabetes for 11 years. He suffers from gastroesophageal reflux disease daily and has moderate depression. For 11 years, he has maintained a weight of 210-220 lb (BMI of 31 kg/m2), and he does not have hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. J.B. has no other known diabetes complications. He uses a low-carbohydrate meal plan and a bicycle exercise program. However, he snores and reports being excessively sleepy all the time. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is also the most common form of diabetes. J.B. has no family history of diabetes or sleep apnea. During the past year, he has not been able to get his plasma glucose levels to < 200 mg/dl. His haemoglobin A1c  ( A1C) has been 7.5% (lab norm) on the past two visits. The patient denies polyuria or nocturia. He is in bed for ∠¼ 8 hours per night. His wife does not complain about his nighttime snoring, but she describes herself as a heavy sleeper.The bed partner is often the first to complain of sleep apnea. In this case, J.B.s wife is not bothered. However, fellow physicians who travel with J.B. on medical mission trips joke and complain about his snoring and gasping. J.B. now requests a private room for these trips to avoid the complaints. He did not share this information with his diabetes care team. J.B. is excessively sleepy, yet he sleeps ∠¼ 8 hours nightly. Colleagues and family who sleep in adjacent rooms have told him that he snores and gasps throughout the night. Published research demonstrates that 50% of men with type 2 diabetes have sleep apnea. These factors are sufficient to suspect sleep apnea and inquire further. J.B.s fatigue and sleepiness finally led him to refer him self to a sleep lab in August 2005. Because he is a physician, he felt certain he had sleep apnea by the time he contacted his friend, the medical director of the sleep lab. The vast majority of patients are referred to a sleep lab or sleep specialist by their physician for further evaluation of symptoms. It is common for patients to complete a Berlin Questionnaire, a simple validated 10-item questionnaire certified by the American College of Physicians. Questions focus on BMI, snoring, sleepiness, and blood pressure. J.B.s results for the Berlin Questionnaire indicated a borderline acceptable BMI, severe snoring, severe daytime sleepiness, and an acceptable blood pressure. These results indicate a high risk in two categories of the Berlin Questionnaire, suggesting a strong likelihood of sleep apnea. J.B. underwent a sleep study and, because of the severity of his sleep apnea, a split night protocol was initiated. This means that the first portion of the sleep study (diagnostic) was so severe that the patient was placed on CPAP therapy for the second portion of the night (titration). An apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 51 was reported during the diagnostic portion of the study, indicating severe obstructive sleep apnea. Although some patients are able to reduce their AHI to normal levels with weight loss, few patients are able to maintain this type of weight loss. CPAP therapy is the gold standard sleep apnea treatment. CPAP therapy ranges from 4 to 20 cm H20 pressure. J.B. required a pressure of 8 cm H20. The pressure needed to resolve 95% of apneic events throughout the night determines this therapeutic pressure. J.B. went home with a prescription for CPAP, and a local home care dealer delivered his therapy that day. He has slept with CPAP every night since. He reports feeling great, and his family members have noticed a huge difference in his enthusiasm and energy. From the research, it is known that CPAP treatment can improve insulin responsiveness without a significant change in obesity. This occurred in J.B.s case. Although his weight and diet have not changed, his glucose levels have improved dramatically and are now consistently < 150 mg/dl. His A1C was 6.5% 9 months after initiating CPAP therapy, and his medications have been reduced. It is a great news for him and his family. SUMMARY In fact, people that have diabetes will probably suffered from sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is very common in diabetic populations but typically goes undiagnosed. Sleep deprivation from any cause increases blood glucose, blood pressure, and triglycerides, causes higher evening cortisol levels, reduces serum leptin secretion, and increases inflammatory cytokines. Patients with chronic snoring and untreated sleep apnea have a higher risk of both stroke and cardiovascular disease. Although most of these patients do have a higher BMI as well as low activity levels and hypertension, it is also possible for patients with normal BMIs and without hypertension to present with snoring and sleep apnea. Sleep apnea can be associated with recent weight gain. Tiredness can cause people to eat for stimulation and skip exercise. Over time, these habits result in obesity, which can worsen sleep apnea, leading to a progression in severity of both conditions.Treating sleep deprivation rapidly reverses thes e metabolic abnormalities. The reasons for this are complex but seem to include increased sympathetic nervous system activity and adrenal cortisol and catecholamine output. Well, sleep apnea can cause hypertension, nevertheless hypertension is not required for suspicion of sleep apnea. Besides that, treating sleep apnea with CPAP therapy can improve glycemic control and blood pressure. Berlin Questionnaire can also easily conducts an assessment for sleep apnea.

The Big Day :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Big Day â€Å"Heekin quit fucking staring at the clouds you might be playing this weekend,† screamed Coach Bernardi. All week I waited, sweating every night just wondering if Saturday would be the day I would start my first college football game. Every night I thought what I would do if I was to start, was I ready for this? I would be a little chihuahua amongst a pack of wolves on the field. But all week I had trained to the point that all the sweat in my shirt could have been rung out to make a full cup of water. My Saturday morning started just as every other football players did 10:00a.m wake up, then a short walk over to the dome for walkthroughs. Then to The Place for my usual breakfast the hungry man special: three eggs, two pieces of bacon, two patties of sausage, a portion of hash browns that was the size of my hand stretched out, and my choice of three pancakes or French toast. After that huge meal I couldn’t resist just going back to the dorms and finding a great resting place in my bed. For some reason every person in the damn dorms insisted in walking into my room and waking me up so I was not the most cheerful person when the alarm clock went off three hours later. â€Å"Trevor get you ass out of bed your late for team meal, said Bobby. No I can’t be I set my alarm for 2p.m. Yea but you have hit the snooze button five times so that means its about 2:20 right now and meal started five minutes ago.† That was a great way to get this all started walking late into team meal I could just imagine what the coaches were going to say to me when I got there. As I walk in to the dining hall I find Coach Bernardi sitting in a chair. â€Å"Damn Heekin where the hell have you been I thought you were going to be a no show! Were you afraid that you might have to play today?

Bullying-Literary Review

The literary review looks at different aspects related to the research topic. The first part of the chapter looks at defining and identifying key aspects of bullying. It looks at the general occurrence of bullying and the researches that indicate the extent of bullying in the different parts of the world. The section then dwells on the different types of bullying and how it can affect the individuals involved.One of the key aspects of bullying in the modern world, cyber bullying is also treated in this section. The different characteristics and elements involved in bullying are treated to understand the phenomenon of bullying.The section then looks at the different theories that could explain the bullying behaviour. An important section of this section is the role of teachers in overall bullying scenario. It also discusses the different intervention methods currently used. The second section of chapter deals with the second aspect of bullying, namely, empathy. It looks at the definit ion and historical evolution of empathy. It also looks at the aspects related to the definition and how it is differentiated from other similar terms often used. The section also looks into the use of empathy in related fields of healthcare.The section specifically looks that researches done on the relationship between bullying and empathy as well. The section finally looks at empathy in relation to teachers. Bullying Defining bullying Smith, P. K. et al (2000) defines bullying as a form of antisocial behaviour that is found in schools, neighbourhoods and homes. Olweus, D. (1986, 1993) defines being bullied or victimized as the following: â€Å"A person is bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons†. Olweus adds the negative and harmful factor of bullying to the definition.Richter, N. (2005) defines bullying in the following way: â€Å"A bully is a person who hurts or browbeats those who are weaker. Browbeat means to intimidate with harsh, stern looks and talk†. American Medical Association defines bullying as a negative behaviour that involves a pattern of repeated aggression against the victim, deliberate intent to harm or disturb despite apparent distress of the victim and a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking a physically or psychologically vulnerable victim.Richter and AMA add the factor of imbalance of power to the definition of bullying. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines bullying as psychiatric disorder that is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which either the basic rights of the victim is violated. The phenomenon of bullying is characterised by three major aspects: (1) An aggressive behaviour or intentional behaviour to bring harm (2) It is carried out repeatedly and over time, (3) the inter-personal relationship is characterized by an imbalan ce of power.Often bullying is found to happen without any apparent provocation. Hence bullying can be considered as a form of abuse. This is mainly at a peer level and can be termed as a peer abuse. The Prevalence of Bullying Bullying among the children is found to typically occur at school or during their way to the school. As children do not have an option of changing the environment by not being in the school, most of them are unable to avoid bullying.A study conducted by US Department of Education and Justice in 1999 indicated that almost 1 million students (4%) who are aged between 12 and 18 years reported fear of being attacked or harmed in the school vicinity. About 5% reported that they avoided one or more places in the school wile 13% reported that they were targets of language of hate. The National Threat Assessment Center found that more than two thirds of the attackers involved in 37 shootings did the attack for taking revenge for incidents in their lives when they felt persecuted, bullied, threatened, attacked or injured by others.It was found that exposure to bullying at school played a major role in motivating most of the perpetrators to take up violence. (AMA, 2002) Studies conducted by Olweus in Norway and Sweden with 150,000 students who are from grades one to nine indicated that 15% of the students reported of being involved in bully or victim problems several times within a three to five month period. About 9 percentage of the students reported that they had been bullied by their peers several times and about 7 percentage of the students indicated that they bullied others.About 2 percentage of students reported that they were bullied as well as they bullied other students. Studies in Europe and United States have indicated higher level of bullying among the children and the youth. In a study that involved 6,500 students who are between the 4th grade and the 6th grade in South Carolina, about 23 percentage of the students reported of being b ullied several times during the three months and 9 percent reported of being victim of very frequent bullying, which was qualified as once a week or more.About one in five reported that they bully other students several times during the period of the study. A study conducted by Nansel with representation of about 15,600 students from 6th to 10th grades provided similar results. Seventeen percent of the students studied indicated that they bullied sometimes during the school term and 19 percent reported bullying others more often. Six percent of the full sample reported both bullying and having been bullied.Many studied have found that the rates of bullying decrease steadily through the elementary grades such as the study conducted by Melton, Nansel shows. A study conducted by Olweus on about 10,000 Norwegian studies indicated that the rates of victimisation were twice as high among the 4th grade students when compared to the 10th grade. Nansel found that about one quarter of the stu dents in the 6th grade reported being bullied during the current school term which was less than one tenth of the 10th graders. (AMA, 2002)