Capital Maintenance Doctrine for Developments †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theCapital Maintenance Doctrine for Developments. Answer: History of the Doctrine The regulation of capital upkeep was initially evolved during the mid-nineteenth Century. IT was created in the United Kingdom. The idea suggests that an organization ought to get legitimate installment for its offers however can't reimburse it to the investor. Previously, the regulation was applied all the more ordinarily among different countries. Nonetheless, these days, it has gotten less important and isn't applied frequently. Significantly, this can be ascribed to the way that most organizations today issue a little offer money to its individuals. Another clarification for the decreasing importance of the teaching can be made gotten from the way that most organizations today think about the guideline as modern and pointlessly confused (Kaplan, n.d.). Thus, different nations have rebuilt their Capital upkeep rules to suit the specific needs of their organizations. Generally, the tenet of capital support has become over the course of the years through a progression of uses and translations in official courtrooms all through the world. One ideal case of a case law in that applies this teaching is Trevor v Whitworth (Hannignan, 2012). For this situation, a firm enjoyed its own buyout. Thus, during its liquidation, one investor applied to the court to be discounted the cash owed to him by the organization after the buyout. While the court held that he ought to be repaid his cash, the House of Lords held that the acquisition of the organization by its individuals was ultra vires (Islam, 2013). For this situation, the House of Lords demanded that it was unlawful to discount the investors without the issuance of a legitimate approval of decrease of capital by the court. Advantages of the Doctrine The teaching is useful in its application since it offers security to the privileges of the organizations leasers. Basically, it defends the capital of lenders loaned to the firm for reasons for business movement. Moreover, this guideline additionally secures the privileges of investors, particularly the minority investors by guaranteeing legitimate utilization of the assets of the association. Special cases to the Doctrine There are different special cases to the principle. In England, for example, there are special cases under which the companys capital can be diminished. In a general sense, the CA 2008 licenses private firms to decrease their cash-flow to their capital through an extraordinary goals by individuals which is fortified by a composed explanation of dissolvability by the entirety of its executives (Hannigan, 2012). Reference List Capital support. Kaplan Financial Knowledge Bank, [online]. Accessible at https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/Capital%20maintenance.aspx [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Hannigan, B., 2012. The regulation of capital support. Oxford Index, [online] (Last refreshed June 2014). Accessible at https://oxfordindex.oup.com/see/10.1093/he/9780199608027.003.0020 [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Islam, S., 2013. The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and its Statutory Developments: An Analysis. The Northern University Journal of Law, 4, pp. 47-55.

African American Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Compose a 750-to 1,400-word paper in which you consider the accompanying with respect to the strict gathering and racial/ethnic gathering you chose: Strict group: How does your chose strict gathering vary from different strict gatherings, (for example, in their convictions, love practices, or qualities)? What has been the experience of your chosen strict gathering with others that don't share its convictions or practices? In what ways has the strict gathering you chosen added to American culture? Give explicit instances of preference or separation your chose strict gathering has encountered. What were the wellsprings of this partiality or separation? Does what you’ve found out about this strict gathering assist you with getting it? In what ways? Racial/ethnic gathering: How does your chose racial/ethnic gathering contrast from other racial/ethnic gatherings, (for example, contrasts in heritage, language, or culture)? What has been your chosen group’s involvement in different gatherings? In what ways has the racial/ethnic gathering you chosen added to American culture? Recognize some particular instances of partiality or segregation that your chosen bunch has encountered generally. What were the wellsprings of this bias or segregation? Does what you’ve found out about this racial/ethnic gathering assist you with getting it? How? Incorporate the accompanying as a major aspect of your decision: How are the bias and separation experienced by your chosen strict gathering and racial/ethnic gathering comparable? How are they unique? Would you be able to make any determinations about separation from this examination? Give references to all the sources you use.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for August 17th, 2019

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Empowerment and Leadership - 1032 Words

Leadership is a term that generates a variety of definitions from people. The definition of leadership is defined as much from what a person has experienced with previous leaders just as much as what they have been taught about leadership. There is a common school of thought that leadership and management are synonymous. I personally do not participant in that sentiment. I believe that leadership is not the same as management, because you can lead without having any management or positional power. The author John C. Maxwell defined a test of leadership from management this way, â€Å"To test whether a person could lead rather than manage is to ask him to create positive change.† Leadership is promoting a positive experience and is not due to a position or rank. Leadership can be categorized by three traits. Those traits are; Empowerment, Discipline, and Character. The first trait, empowerment is one’s ability to create a positive change by helping others achieve their own great success. The second trait is discipline or consistency, which is defined as a leader’s ability to gain support from the dependability of their actions and motivations. The third trait of leadership is an individual’s character or professionalism. A leader needs to be professional in all of their interactions with others regardless of the other person’s position or rank. Empowering Helping Others / Building Relationships There is a quote by Zig Ziglar that I think is a good mantra forShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Leadership And Empowerment Of The Workplace972 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotation Ba, B.-G. M. (2015). Understanding leadership and empowerment in the workplace. European Scientific Journal, 11(35), 342. Critical Summary of Article Employee empowerment has become an important strategic tool used by leaders of the 21st century. According to Ba (2015), a recent change in management style has led to the empowerment of employees in the workplace creating a situation where empowering followers is an assumed responsibility of all leaders and thought to be a motivationalRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Leadership And Empowerment983 Words   |  4 Pages. What is teacher leadership and empowerment and why should it be promote in schools? Teacher leadership is defined as â€Å"teachers who aspire to stretch beyond their classrooms to engage in leadership roles that take many shapes and forms, both â€Å"informal and formal†. (ECS, 2010). The teacher leadership role is also described as â€Å"the process by which teachers, individually and collectively, influence their colleagues, principals, and other members of the school community to improve learning practicesRead MoreThe Leadership Authority, Empowerment, And The Quality Imperative Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensively discuss three connected facets of leadership: leadership authority, empowerment, and the quality imperative. While each have distinct qualities and characteristics, they are closely connected. Of these three, empowerment is the focus of two peer-reviewed articles examined for correlation and contrast in this paper. Manning and Curtis refer to â€Å"Robert Cole, influential author and educator† (2015, p.177) and his serie s of principles that describe empowerment in the workplace. 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For example, when a registered nurse (RN) delegates to a certified nursing assistant (CNA) to start an IV this is freeing up time so the nurse can perform discharge instructions to another patient. â€Å"Effective delegation contributes to job satisfaction, empowerment, responsibility, productivityRead MoreLeadership Roles And Lead Teams During My Internship With Community Empowerment Solutions Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesThis past summer, I was able to take leadership roles and lead teams during my internship with Community Empowerment Solutions in Ecuador. It was during this experience where I beg an to see my leadership skills unfold. One big critique of my leadership is that I can be mean. It was times when my teammates weren’t working hard enough or not moving where I wanted to be that I didn’t know how to communicate these problems in an efficient manner in order to get my point across. This caused tension andRead MoreCitigroup : A Leading Multinational Investment Banking And Financial Services Corporation1653 Words   |  7 Pageswill be a direct reflection of how effectively my leadership skills will influence our organizational culture. Empowering Leadership and Organizational Culture The expectations for today’s workforce are as diverse as the workforce itself. With changes in workplace trends driven by new technology and Millennials and Generation Z’ers becoming the largest share of the American workforce, organizations are demanding more from their employees and leadership teams (Fry, 2015). As a result, there is a paradigmRead MoreLeadership And Leadership : The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership1105 Words   |  5 Pageslaws of leadership No one said leading was easy, and in the book, The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership, John C. Maxwell addresses the principal of transformational leadership, and how there is more than one aspect in becoming a successful leader. Leadership is one of the many desirable qualities in becoming successful not only in everyday life, but also in nursing. This paper will discuss ways to develop into an effective, successful leader, the necessary steps to increase leadership ability,Read MoreWhat Is Selfless Service Or Servant Leadership?1066 Words   |  5 PagesGroup Consensus     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reviewing the various topics studied in the textbook Resilient Leadership by Maj. Gen. Robert Dees,  in conjunction with Satterlee’s textbook Organizational Management Leadership,  the group  was in accord choosing  the  underlined  topics/concepts, which are: selfless service or servant leadership, vision, wisdom, integrity and empowering others.  Group Four felt that these  topics /  concepts are important for organization’s leaders,  since they  will  most definitely  improve  the

Ethical Framework - 1199 Words

Running Head: EITHICAL FRAMEWORK Ethical Framework Grand Canyon University: NRS437V June 14, 2010 Ethical Framework As a professional health care worker, the implication confidentiality breach regarding ethical dilemmas are significant to nurse and patient. The information disclosed can cause problems on a personal and professional level. Breach of confidentiality occurs when the heath care work discloses the patient s medical or personal information without the patient s informed written or verbal consent. Confidentiality is needed between the nurse and the patient to maintain a good open and honest relationship between both parties. There are several ethical implications regarding breach of confidentiality, for example,†¦show more content†¦However, the situation was a catch 22 as Andrea s trust in nursing would be broken. Without viewing the episode, I believe Andrea was most affected by the decision for nurse Hathaway to inform the school of the sex parties and Andrea s participation. This is where I believe nurse Hathaway broke the ethical principle of veracity. The registered professional nurse, in facilitating the ethical decision-making process, can utilize different frameworks and models [through steps] (NYSNA, 2011). An alternative to address the ethical issue, the nurse must first identify the issue at hand. Andrea, who was a minor, was diagnosis with cervical cancer and upon completion of her assessment it was also noted that Andrea was a participant in sex parties. The ethical dilemma lies in whether the nurse should break confidentiality to inform her parents of the medical findings and the subjective information given by Andrea. The second step is to obtain the facts, which in Andrea s case, is supported by medical assessment, laboratory studies, diagnosis, and Andrea s own verbal statement. Next, the nurse must evaluate alternative actions plans to handle and help resolve the dilemma. In this case, the nurse should also consult the hospital case worker, ethics committee, nursing code of ethics, and hospital guidelines and policies a nd procedures to help with the final decision or action plan. The ethics committee would aid as case consultant, identifyingShow MoreRelatedA Framework For Building A Foundation Of Ethical Leadership978 Words   |  4 Pages In this book, author Robert Starratt provides a framework for building a foundation of ethical leadership based on responsibility, authenticity, and presence. Readers should understand that this book is not how to transform schools, but how to think about affecting change in our teachers, staff, and students. 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In order to achieve this the assignment will commence by critically analysing how an e thical framework and ethical principles can and should be applied to both the above scenario and more generally in paramedic practice. From this understanding of the underlying principles the assignment will next examine both the legal and ethical standpoints surrounding capacity and consent and analyse how these shouldRead MoreEthical Frameworks Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Frameworks Practice Health care professionals are subject to a multitude of professional, legal, and ethical responsibilities which call for personal judgment to be utilized in such a manner as to protect clients as well as public wellness and interests. Overall considerations in handling such duties may be considered to be respect of a client’s autonomy, confidence, and recognition of obligations owed to all clients. 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Today, minorities are not getting the same quality of care as the majority group, access to healthcare is not easily attained, and millions of minorities are uninsuredRead MoreLegal and Ethical Framework4559 Words   |  19 Pagesregard, a programme of action is being proposed for VOS Governme nt Primary School, with coordinated activities to increase awareness and effect behavioural change in terms of safer sexual practices and reproductive health from a young age. Legal/Ethical Frameworks Few organisations can claim to have a population as vulnerable as a Primary school. The children attending the school on a daily basis are at risk of being harmed by any number of incidents, both related and unrelated to the school compoundRead MoreApplying Ethical Framework in Practice1100 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Framework in Practice 1. Ethical implications of a breach of confidentiality Ethics is the concept of right and wrong and thus it is difficult to come to a universal standpoint as to what should be right and wrong. In the context of the medical field, professionals are constantly engaged in accessing very delicate and sensitive information about people and patients. Thus, such professionals are regularly facing the circumstances in regards to concepts such as confidentiality andRead MoreApplying Ethical Frameworks in Parctice1027 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Nursing has a renowned history of concern and interest for the welfare of the sick, injured and vulnerable for social justice. Nursing encompasses prevention of illness, decreasing suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health. Ethics is been an integral part of the foundation of nursing and it is self reflective, enduring and distinctive. In the professional course, a nurse encounters with different types of patients, several types of

Colonization Free Essays

Although New England and the Chesapeake regions were settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. I have described both societies in an attempt to demonstrate their developments. Virginia Colony In 1607 a group of merchants established England s first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonization or any similar topic only for you Order Now They operated as a joint-stock company that allowed them to sell shares of stock in their company and use the pooled investment capital to outfit and supply overseas expeditions. This joint tock company operated under a charter from James I with a concern for bringing Christian religion to the native people. However, most of the settlers probably agreed with Captain John Smith that the real aim was profit rather than religion. Profits were elusive in the early years; expectations of gold and other minerals, trade with Indians for beaver and deer skins were not to be had by the colonists. Many Virginia colonists died of dysentery, malaria and malnutrition. The Virginia Company sent a diverse collection of people to Jamestown; there ere artists and glassmakers, as well as unskilled servants. Both types of people adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions. Relations between the colonists and the Indians were bitter from the beginning. John Smith dealt with the Indians by shows of force and the Indians withdrew trade with the English. Many settlers died of starvation in the first years. The discovery that tobacco would grow in the Chesapeake region was a salvation for Virginia. The planters shipped the first crop in 1617 and thereafter tobacco cultivation spread rapidly. By 1624, Virginia was xporting 200,000 pounds of tobacco; by 1638 the crop exceeded 3 million pounds. The cultivation of tobacco caused Virginia s planters to find a reliable supply of cheap labor. To fill this need, planters recruited immigrants from various countries. These immigrants were called indentured servants. They willingly sold a portion of their working lives in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic ocean. Many of the indentured servants were unemployed and held the lower class on the social ladder from their places of origin. Life for indentured servants was often a nightmare. If diseases did not kill them, many succumbed to the brutal work routine that harsh masters imposed upon them. When the remaining servants neared the end of their contract, masters would find ways to add time to the contracts. The profitable tobacco crops created an intense demand for land. As more and more colonists settled along the rivers that flowed in Chesapeake Bay, the local Indian tribes retaliated. The murder of an Indian captain triggered a fierce Indian assault that dealt a staggering blow to Virginia. This attack led to the bankruptcy of the Virginia Company. The surviving planters felt they had justified reasons for the destruction of the Indians. As more settlers arrived, more pressure was placed on the Indians for land. Wars over land was provoked in 1644 and again in 1675. In each of these conflicts, the colonizers were victorious. The native population of Virginia was reduced to less than 1,000 by 1680. Immigrants to the Chesapeake Bay region found existence difficult. Many immigrants arrived as indentured servants and could not marry until their time was paid. Once marriage was made, diseases claimed many within about seven years. Few children growing up could expect to have both parents alive. Widows and widowers often remarried soon after the death of their spouse, creating a complex web of family life. Because of mortality, the Chesapeake settlers remained, for most of the seventeenth-century, a land of immigrants rather than a land of settled families. Social institutions such as churches and schools took root very slowly. The Chesapeake region architecture showed the fragility of life in the tobacco growing environment. Settlers at first built primitive huts and shanties. After establishing crops, planters improved their habitats but still built ramshackle one-room dwellings. Even as Virginia and Maryland matured, cheaply built and cramped houses remained the norm. Life was too uncertain and the tobacco economy was too volatile. Massachusetts Bay Colony While some English settlers scrambled for wealth on the Chesapeake, others were seized by the spirit of religion. These individuals were known as Puritans. They aimed their efforts at reforming the corrupt new land. They wanted the new land to have a special mission in the world. The people attracted to the Puritan movement were not only religious reformers but also men and women who hoped to find changes in English society. They disapproved of the growing withdrawal from traditional restraints of individual action. They worried that individualistic behavior would undermine the notion of community involvement. This community involvement was the belief that people were bound together by reciprocal rights, obligations, and responsibilities. Puritans vowed to reverse the march of disorder, wickedness and disregard for community by imposing a new discipline. Their intention was to establish communities of pure Christians who collectively swore a covenant with God to work for his ends. Civil and religious transgressors were rooted out and severely punished. Their emphasis was on homogeneous communities where the good of the group outweighed individual interests. The first winter for the Puritans was harsh, more than 200 of the first 700 settlers died and 100 others returned to the England in the next spring. But Puritans kept coming. Motivated by their work ethic and sense of mission, the Puritans thrived almost from the beginning. The early leaders were university-trained ministers, experienced members of the lesser gentry and men with a compulsion to fulfill what they knew was God s prophecy for New England. Most of the ordinary settlers came as free men in with families. Trained artisans and farmers from the mid rank of English society, they established close communities where brutal exploitation of labor had no place. The Puritans built a sound economy based on agriculture, fishing, timbering and trading for beaver furs with local Indians. They also established the first printing press and planted they seed of a university, Harvard College. The Puritan leaders also created a tax-supported school system. In 1647, the government ordered every town with 50 families to establish an elementary school and every town with 100 families a secondary school as well. Although the Puritans had made many accomplishments, there were some dissenters from the Puritan way of life. In 1633, Salem s Puritan minister, Roger Williams, began to voice disturbing opinions on church and government policies. Williams denounced mandatory worship and argued that government officials should not interfere with religious matters. In 1634, Anne Hutchinson began to discuss religion, suggesting that the holy spirit was absent in the preaching of some ministers. Hutchinson also offended the male leaders of the colony because she boldly stepped outside the subordinate position expected of women. The village was the vital center of Puritan life. These villages were small and tightly held. Many farmers established agriculture fields set outside the village. Families lived close together in compact towns built around a common meeting place. These small, communal villages kept families in close touch. Land was istributed to individuals according to the size of his family, his wealth and his usefulness to the church and town. It was believed that every family should have enough land to sustain it, and prospering men were expected to use their wealth for the community s benefit, not for themselves. Women played a vital role in this family centered society. The presence of women and a stable family life strongly affected New England s architecture. Early economic gains were transformed into substantial housing. Well constructed one-room houses with sleeping lofts quickly replaced the huts. Parlors and lean-to kitchens were added as soon as possible. Education was stressed in Puritan communities. Placing religion at the center of their lives, Puritans emphasized the ability to read catechisms, psalmbooks and especially the Bible. The 20,000 English immigrants who had come to New England by 1649 were dispersed from Maine to Long Island. It was only natural that farmers wished for better farm land. To combat the problems of dispersion, Puritan leaders established a broad intercolony political structure in 1643 called the Confederation of New England. This first attempt at federalism managed to function fitfully for a generation. Although the Puritans built stable communities, developed the economy and constructed effective government, their leaders, as early as the 1640s, complained that the founding vision of Massachusetts Bay was faltering. Material concerns seemed to outweigh religious commitments and the individual prevailed over the community. However, New England had achieved economic success and political stability by the end of the seventeenth century. Towns functioned efficiently, poverty was uncommon, public education was mandated and family life was stable. How to cite Colonization, Essay examples

Nissim Ezikiel Essay Example

Nissim Ezikiel Essay Nissim Ezekiel as a poet of â€Å"City, Modernity Urbanity† through His contribution of â€Å"BOMBAY POEMS† Nissim Ezekiel :- A poet and writer of city or urbanity. How poet is called as a poet of urbanity. My essay proceeds to define the same. A poet is called the poet of urbanity if his poetry is the poetry of urbanity. The poetry of urbanity means the poetry of modernity and modernity in poetry means vigorous experiments of the breakdown of cultural continuity rather than cultural vigour. Modern poetry is the poetry of revolt against tradition, and as such there is much in it i. e. xperimental, ephemeral and puerile. So we can say that this dismissal of tradition also involved the rejection of conventional expectations. Modernism often stresses freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism and even anthropological primitivism. It tends to be surrealistic, trying to seek to release the contents of the unconscious mind, often by combining unrelated images in a st range way. The subject of the modern poetry is the common man’s life, dilemmas, environment, surroundings, daily business of living, carnal irritations, anger and enjoyments etc. suffered by him. Individualism, its loss, is an important aspect of the modern poetry. The modern poetry present the realistically the doubts, the conflicts and the frustration of modern world. It is therefore pessimistic in tone. After independence, there were many changes, both political and social in the Indian society. Poetry written in a particular period does have influence of the time, Nissim was no exception, and his poetry also shows some influence of poetry of Modern poets like Eliot, Auden and Yeates. He did not have any classic background. Jews were driven out of their native land and were spread all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Nissim Ezikiel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nissim Ezikiel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nissim Ezikiel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore he did not have any tradition as far as his religion. Nissim Ezekiel was out and out an urban poet. Specially, a poet of the city, Bombay, his city Ezekiel was a modern poet by virtue of the time he was born in and in which he wrote his poetry. Many of his poems from different collections deal with the modern urban life. He wrote about the‘ every man’, individualism being one of the main features of the modern poetry. But the main aspect of his being a modern poet is his representation of certain urban ethos, the environment, thought, sentiments of the essential man behind the modern urban man. Some literary historians referred to the term â€Å"Modernism† as pretentious, but it braved itself and can be described as ‘a rejection of the traditional and conventional along with a search for ‘new means of expression’ . In literature modern poets experimented with language and form; dealt with new subject matter. Nissim Ezekiel is one of those poets of the post-independence era in whose writings we discover a genuine attempt to harmonize the diverse elements of our volatile urban culture. Ezekiel was born in Bombay and has spent most of his life in the highly westernized circles of the cosmopolitan city. He claims that he began writing in English because he did not know any other language well enough to express himself. â€Å"Contemporary poets in India generally write in English when they have gone through English medium schools†, wrote Ezekiel, â€Å"I write in English for this reason and cannot write in any Indian language†. One thing I would discuss here that Nissim Ezekiel is known as an Indian poet worldwide but what alienation and disassociation he had with his schoolmates and all, we can get to know by his some of his â€Å"Bombay† based poems . ere I consider the poem Background Casually: The poem is divides into three sections which approximate the childhood , adult and old age experiences . the three sections do not merly present a chronology of significant experiences but reflections over these experiences that draw out lessons on the status of the identity of the self. Ezekiel began with a sense of alienation with the world around him. His poetry has been attempted to establish some kind of recognizable order and relevance for his self in the irrational and featureless world that surrounded him. The poet’s gradual emotional disassociation from the immediate environment of the city where he was born began in early childhood. At school he considered himself a â€Å"Mugging Jew† among the Hindu, Christian and Muslim â€Å"wolves†, perpetually a â€Å"frightened child†. His failure to get into the mainstream of Bombay’s life is symbolically expressed in this poem. And here I read the first two stanzas. A poet-rascal-clown was born, The frighten child who would not eat Or sleep, a boy of meager bone, He never learnt to fly a kite His borrowed top refused to spin. (Background, Casually) Later Ezekiel was to write, â€Å"I am not a Hindu and my back ground makes me a natural outsider. Circumstances and decisions relate me to India. In other countries I am a foreigner. In India I am an Indian†. The original tension in Ezekiel’s poetry was probably born out of this agony of being a fortuitous Indian outside the pale of India’s dominant culture. Ezekiel’s life and poetry are, in fact, inseparable. The activity of poetry produces a solemn harmony of existence for him in a world riddled with discordant notes. Each poem is a luminous link in that chain of continuity that glorifies and ennobles the his life. Ezekiel is a poet of multitudinous themes. One of the most recurring themes in his poetry is the sensation of oppression (cruelty, Domination) in a crowded civilisation represented by the city of Bombay. It is the â€Å"bitter native city† where the hewas born and brought up and where he lives now. A recurring note in his poetry is the wound urban civilisation inflicts on unattached man. His poetry gives the impression of an oversensitive soul caught in the tentacles of a cruel city civilisation, unable to escape from its vagaries and consequently developing a love-hate relationship with its tormentor. Ezekiel has seen the splendour and poverty of the great city, its air-conditioned skyscrapers and claustrophobic slums, its marvelous capacity for survivals and its slow decadence. His reaction to the city’s oppression is a light-hearted, ironic and often sardonic exposure of its several hidden faces. â€Å"Many of his poems derive their effectiveness from the poet’s puzzled emotional reaction to the modern Indian dilemma, which he feels to be poignant conflicts of tradition and modernism, the city and the village: a somewhat obvious theme but treated by Ezekiel as an intensely personal exploration†. For Ezekiel this Indian dilemma is symbolised by the city of Bombay. More than any other Bombay poet, Nissim Ezekiel presents a comprehensive picture of the city, at once realistic and ironic. Background, Casually expresses the travails of an intelligent Jew boy of â€Å"meagre bone† living and growing up in a multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-linguistic urban society where he was so alienated and frightened that One noisy day I used a knife (Background, Casually) The â€Å"point† Ezekiel mentions in this early poem is â€Å"how to feel at home†. This has continued to dominate his poetry in several forms till today. In The Edinburgh Interlude (1983) Ezekiel wrote, I have become part of the scene which I can neither love nor hate. He lived through a â€Å"life of cheerful degradation normal in my neighbourhood† until a mature awareness ensconced him. Today towards the fag end of his career, as a condemner of the great city’s iniquitous ways, Ezekiel has come to realise I cannot save Bombay You cannot save it They don’t even want to save it (The Edinburgh Interlude) In spite of his disgust with the futilities of the sprawling city, Ezekiel, early in life, made a commitment to choose Bombay as his place of residence I have made my commitments now This is one: to stay where I am, As others choose to give themselves In some remote and backward place. My backward place is where I am. (Background, Casually) This inevitable choice to stay, however, unsettles the poet. Instead of providing an anchor for his thoughts and hopes, it launches the poet into an unending search for stability and repose. â€Å"However, Ezekiel has kept his commitment by depicting life faithfully as he finds it in the city of Bombay. He has not shown any craze for visiting foreign countries. Instead his poetry has acted as a mirror for reflecting life as it is actually lived in this backward place†. His desire to belong to the city he chose is often frustrated by the impact of the strange city’s truculent mass culture. His desire to escape from the tantaliser city of his birth is never realised because one cannot escape from oneself. The city has become his addiction. To save myself From what the city had made of me, I returned As intended, to the city I had known. (A Time to Change) Urban is a poem of eighteen lines exploring the divergence between the Bombay man’s search for the nourished dream of a free, oppressionless existence and his perennial inability to achieve even a partial realisation of it. He never sees the skies; he never welcomes the sun or the rain; his morning walks are dreams floating on a wave of sand. He knows the broken roads and moves In circles tracked within his head (Urban) The dichotomy between man’s hopes and achievements in the distressed city is suggested by the metaphor â€Å"broken roads† and â€Å"circles†. The disgusting routinisation of everyday life, the resulting Jack of coordination between action and perception and the sense of futility of human efforts to discover meaning in hope arc the outcome of the tyranny of the city over the citizen. The dilemma of the poet who desperately tries to disown and reject the city which â€Å"burns like a passion†is touchingly expressed in Urban. As a â€Å"good native† he is ready to reconcile with the â€Å"ways of the island†. However, the poem has ominous undertones of frustration and sadness expressed through contrasting images like â€Å"slums and skyscrapers†, â€Å"dragons claiming to be human†, â€Å"echoes and voice†, â€Å"past and future† and â€Å"calm and clamour†. In Citysong there is a reluctant acceptance of the ways of the city. From the terrace of a friend, the poet watches the city that lies below. A sudden urge overtakes him to return to the city just as a repentent debauchee returns to his seductress at her sight. I want to return As soon as I can To be of this city To feel its hot breath I have to belong (Citysong) A Morning Walk is a great poem which translates the sense of the bustle of the â€Å"barbaric city† into a gnawing pain that oppresses the poet’s memory. The picture of the city deprived of humaneness, seething with poverty, dirt, noise and bustle emerges with disturbing clarity in this poem. Barbaric city sick with slums, Deprived of seasons, blessed with rains, Its hawkers, beggar, iron-lunged, Processions led by frantic drums, A million purgatorial lanes, And child-like masses, many-tongued, Whose wages are in words and crumbs (A Morning Walk) The paralysis of the will and the finer emotions the Bombay man suffers from is succinctly suggested by a chain of metaphors. The â€Å"cold and dim† city is his purgatory. The morning breeze and trees, the cool garden on the hill and the hedges cut to look like birds are the symbols of Bombay man’s unattained and un attainable hopes. The poet poses the question why His native place he could not shun, The marsh where things are what they seem? (A Morning Walk) A Morning Walk is intended to be a walk out of the city’s fatal grip but ends up once again as a walk towards the city’s festering fascinations. â€Å"The marsh of reality and the distant (but troublesome to the city dweller) hills are the counterparts, in terms of landscapes, to the old dichotomies in Ezekiel’s work, between sex and the unrealised goal of an all-inclusive love, between body and soul, a sense of sin and the prospect of redemption, action and patience†. Adit Jussawalla says that â€Å"Nissim Ezekiel’s poems are the records of the moral aches and pains of a modern Indian in one of his own cities†. The poet who has gone through the travails of the city finds no alternate tabernacle of hope. This existential frustration is expressed in Enterprise. Like Morning Walk and Entertainment, this poem is molded out of the fallouts of frustration in a â€Å"barbaric city. † Enterprise is an allegory of the pilgrimage theme with a suggestion of futility. Journey from the city to the hinterland is a metaphor for contrived change from frustration to fulfilment. Even here a â€Å"shadow falls† on the group of pilgrims because: . †¦ †¦ differences arose on how to cross a desert patch (Enterprise) The group ignores the thunder which is nothing but the inner voice that should have guided the group. Man deprived of the inner voice or insensitive to the call of his own soul invariably rushes into impediments: Another phase was reached when we Were thrice attacked, and lost our way A section claimed its liberty To leave the . †¦ †¦ (Enterprise) At the end of the journey there is complete disillusionment. Was the journey worth undertaking? Instead of bringing any sense of fulfillment, the â€Å"trip had only darkened every face†. The futility of the trip, the struggles on the way, the deprivations the group undergoes and the failure to compromise the intention of the trip with its end are succinctly brought out in the final clinching line: Home is we have to gather grace. (Enterprise) He was able to see things in their primitive simplicity and innocence and could establish a personal identity with what is beautiful and sensuous in rural life. He refused to recognise sex and power as main motives behind human action; he did not try to depict the soul sickness of the urban civilisation, but â€Å"he travelled, so he found his roots†. . He discovers a new spirit of hope and declares his intention to walk the streets of Bombay â€Å"Cezanne slung around my neck†. Only the artist can create a new and orderly world out of the ruins of the old. His advice to the artist is, Do not be satisfied with the world that God created, create your own. (Advice to a Painter Satish Gujral) Ezekiel as a man was both urban and modern. His poetry is the poetry of urbanity. He was born and brought up in the metropolis of Bombay. He knew life there only. Urbanity is directly correlated to modernity. Ezekiel’s poetry has this urbanity as its base, on this axis it germinated and flourished . Ezekiel was accused of being ‘a poet of a local habitation and a name’, of only being restricted to the city of Bombay. He could neither think of India’s hoary past nor of the whole of India, which comprised mainly of rural areas. And it is true that he rarely wrote of situations outside Bombay. He depicted the city of Bombay, stripped of its glamour in a realistic manner. He was totally involved in a situation, which he felt to be a hopeless one too. It pervades his poems very fruitfully. (Gieve Patel in the introduction to Collected Poems) Ezekiel was so immersed in the life of his city Bombay, that he knew each and every aspect of life there. He did not have any inhibition in telling about both good and bad aspects of life in the island. It is felt that no other Indian English poet has given a more comprehensive picture of various facets of metropolitan life than Ezekiel. Gujral’s representation of City The anguish of the millions who lost their homes and families during the partition of the country comes out in the angry, sweeping gestural brushwork of his paintings. It was here that he cultivated his longtime desire to create accessible works that would portray powerful themes relevant to the masses. Gujral notes of his personal experience of Partition: My father and I were forced to stay and forced to be witnesses to this ghastly play which repeated each episode with an increasingly grisly ferocity as if aiming at the total annihilation of all sensual capacities in its audience. Depictions of large-scale violence can have the unintended effect of reinforcing the anonymity of the victims of such violence. By focusing on individuals in distress, artists try to reclaim the humanity of people caught up in conflict. Yet, the tension on the Faces shown in these works demonstrates the deforming effects of being forced outside the confines of security. Hiding of eyes representation may m eans , he experience of violence can be too harsh to face directly. Instead, artists may take some distance from real events, imagining idyllic alternatives. These alternatives may be couched in fantasy or humor, but they represent a struggle to Escape the immediacy of a trauma. Isolation focuses on individuals torn from the context of their normal lives. These works return to the starting point of trauma, the moment of Violence and destruction, Panic and pain, confusion and conflict are combined in these desperate images.